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举例、比较、换言--四六级作文主体段落三大杀手锏
一、举实例
　　In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted
every possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound,
light, colours, cartoon films and human performance. For instance,
to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress
to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while
they film him or her.
　　二、做比较
　　方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的；又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的；
　　相似的比较：in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner
　　相反的比较：on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead,
nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …, …
　　三、换言之
　　I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you.
　　I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with
　　结尾需要灵活创造。一般的习惯是，一些记叙文和描写文经常采用自然结尾的方法；但说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文则往往都有结束语，以便使文章首尾呼应，结构完整。
　　1. 首尾呼应，画龙点睛
　　After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life.
I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had
any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of others.
　　2. 重复主题句
　　3. 用反问结尾
　　How far can we go if the current situation is not to be changed?
　　4. 指明方向，激励读者
　　As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not
only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues
and do their work better. A sound mind is in a sound body. Let’s
go in for sports.
结尾万能公式：
　　一. 结论
　　Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners
arise from politeness and respect for others.
　　二. 建议
　　Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve
the problem.(虚拟语气用得经典)
　　更多句型：
　　Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.
　　Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.
　　检查四个重点部位，把好最后一关
　　1） 是否切题(主题句)
　　2） 是否连贯
　　检验的标准主要是句子是否通顺，该用连接词的地方用了没有，以及所用的连接词是否合适。
　　3） 是否有语法错误
　　主谓是否一致，动词的时态、语态、语气的使用是否正确，词组的搭配是否合乎习惯。为避免不必要的语法错误，对把握性不大的词组、句型绝不要用。而应使用那些自己熟悉的词组、句型来表达相同或相近的意思。
　　4）是否有大小写、拼写、标点错误
　　在这些细枝末节上，谨慎细心地处理，无疑会进一步提高文章的整体质量。在检查、改错的过程中，切忌乱涂乱抹。保持卷面清洁，会给阅卷者留下好印象。
　　Advantages and Disadvantages of…题型
　　Nowadays, …plays an important part/role in … //… has become a
household word. Like everything else, it has both merits and demerits.
Generally speaking, the positive aspects can be listed as follows:
　　First,…. In addition,…. Above all,….
　　But every coin has two sides. // But every advantage has its
disadvantage. The negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with,….
To make matters worse,…. Worst of all,…. But obviously, the advantages
of … outweigh its disadvantages, which speaks for its popularity.
　　Application Letters
　　1. Express your interest in the post you are applying for give
reasons for your application.
　　2. State personal qualifications and experience related to the
　　3. References//Requests for further information.
　　要对图表进行描写和讨论，首先要看懂图表，弄清其反映的问题或现象。注意：
　　1. 图表的类型：
　　pie chart（表示各种事物在总数中所占比例）
　　line graph（表示一种事物的上升或下降趋势）
　　bar graph（表示几种事物在同一时期上升或下降的情况）
　　table（表示多种事物之间的关系）
　　2. 抓住主要数据，反映根本问题：
　　①借助题目和要求 ②变化明显的数字
　　3. 掌握一些数字表达法：
　　① In the year…, it rose/increased/soared/jumped//decreased/dropped/fell
by …percent
　　② In comparison with…, the figure/percentage has nearly/more
than doubled/tripled/quadrupled.
　　③ By the end of the last decade, as many as three quarters/75
percent of/three out of four/three in four college graduates as
against/as opposed to 1990, had …
做题规律要遵循:四六级写作的&六项基本原则&
一、 长短句原则
　　短句放在段首或者段末，可以揭示主题：
　　As a creature, I as a man, I read. Although one action is
to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy
the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.
　　强烈建议：在文章第一段用一长一短开头；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句介绍主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式；文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。
　　二、 主题句原则
　　三、 一 二 三原则
　　1）in the first place, in the second place, lastly
　　2）to begin with, furthermore, finally
　　3）to start with, in addition, finally
　　4）first and foremost, besides, last but not least
　　5）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）
　　四、 短语优先原则
　　两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点；其二、凑字数
　　I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.
　　I want it.可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.
　　五、 多实少虚原则
　　一定要多用实词，少用虚词（比较大的词）。good, nice空洞，generous, humorous, smart, gentle,
warm-hearted, hospitable形象。再比如：走出房间空洞的词是：walk out of the room
　　小偷走出房间应该说：slip/sneak out of the room
　　小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room
　　小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room
　　老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room
　　六、 多变句式原则
　　1）加法（串联）
　　2）转折（拐弯抹角）
　　3）因果
　　4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）
　　5）附加（多此一举）
　　Ms. Pan, an English teacher who has taught us for three semesters,
is easy-going.
　　6）排比（排山倒海句）
　　一个个排比句，一个个对偶句，一个个不定式，一个个短语，使文章有排山倒海之势！
　　Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated
or simple, there is plenty in London for you.
　　Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such
as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, wind and ocean tides.
新东方四六级名师解惑之写作篇
1．脑子里想好中文的意思，再把它翻译成英文，这样的思路对吗？
　　汪老师：很多同学都是想好中文再翻译成英文。严格说来，即使对学习英语多年的人来说，在写作时想做到完全用英文思考都是极难达到的一种近乎神话的理想境界。关键是中文思考的程度――英文修养极高的人在写作时可能已经很少意识到自己是在用那种语言、很难区分自己在什么时候正在使用什么语言，他已经到了“天人合一”的境界；英文很好的人可能只是在整体构思时用汉语，到具体写作段落或句子时用英语；英文一般的人会将每句的意思大致用汉语想好，但写作时还是要用英文的习惯句型和固定搭配来表达；初学英语基础又很不扎实的人在不仅每句用汉语想好，还基本每字严格对译，这就是中式英文的产生原因了。要想少些一点中式英文，就要多积累习惯句型和固定搭配，在“翻译”时尽可能多用这些模式化的句型，少一些逐字对译。
　　2．常常想不起想用的一个词的英语说法，该如何解决？
　　汪老师：这是考试时任何一个人都会碰到的问题，即使他的词汇量很大。其实就算一个人的词汇量再大，大到掌握所有英文单词，也还是会碰到一些无法用已有单词表达的情况。因为世界在变化，每时每刻总会有新的事物出现。碰到不会表达的思想可以用以下几招：第一，模糊化即用上义词表达。如不会说“手提电脑”，可以用它的上义词“machine”,
“gadget”, “invention”, “instrument” 等。第二，可以解释说明。如我们可以把手提电脑写作“the
kind of computer that you can carry wherever you go and that you
can put on your lap”。第三，可以把一些解释不清的东西略去不写。写作是一个主动的创造过程，可以并且应该发挥自己的主观能动性。写那些自己会写的，避开那些自己不会写的。这才是写作的乐趣所在。否再和前面的单项选择题有什么区别。
　　3．文章中长句越多越好，复合句越多越好，这样的想法对吗？
　　汪老师：考试作文和平时写作不完全相同。平时写作不同作者有自己不同的风格――有些作者长于简约；有些作者喜欢繁复。但考试作文是检验一个考生写作水平的工具，命题人的目标之一就是要通过一篇文章考察考生是否掌握了复杂句。因此，在所有写作考试中都有一条不成文的规定：没有复杂句不能得高分。但是在写复杂句的同时，我们还要注意不能写太多这样的句子。全是复杂句，文章读起来会很累很烦很不自然。因此考试作文的句子要长短结合。一些基础不好的同学最好少些甚至不写复杂句，因为如果复杂句写错了会影响得分，而简单句只要不错分数反而不会低到哪里去。
　　4．不知从何处着手复习写作，提起笔来不知道怎么写，怎么办？
　　吴老师：作文是现存考试中为数不多的考查英语主观应用能力的考试类型，他在大多数权威的语言考试中都有出现。从理论上讲，就是考查第二语言或外语学习者的“输出”能力。另外，我们应该避免误入用“大词用长句”才算写作的误区，因为，好的文章或大作家往往是用“小词”表达复杂思想。简单无误是第一原则。
　　在考试中，考生对作文的思维应该是：1、审题；2、思考简单的分支观点；考虑可以采用的成熟的句型或“万能句”。其中，前两步比较关键。
　　一、对于审题，应该看到，近年四级或六级题目大多是给出提纲，那么可以直接把提纲变为中心句，这些中心句就是每段的开头句。后面接入标志逻辑的词汇，如first...；second...；third...；等分支观点。也就是说，审题就是考虑文章的合理结构是什么，中心句是什么。
　　二、置于思考分支观点，请一定记住，外语考试的作文，考查的目标不是考生的思维水平或逻辑分析能力，而是考核语言表达能力。所以建议采取的措施是，简化自己的思维和分析。也就是，如何降低自己的思维水平，来迎合自己有限的语言状况。比如：这个东西不贵，it
is inexpensive，当然也可以说：it is cheap，或者说，it does not cost me much money。等这些相关但简单的表达也是合理的。
　　最后，作文是应用类考试。所以光看不写是不行的。培根说过，“writing makes an exact man.”只有多写才能活化思想，固定句型和找到适合自己的“万能句”。
　　5．背历年范文有用吗？背范文要全文一字不落地背下来吗？
　　吴老师：当然，背诵越多约好，这是语言学习的基础。能一字不漏的背当然牛了，毫无疑问。但，关键在于，对于应试，特别是在时间不多的情况下，广大考生是否真能背诵所有例文？背诵的现实性是有待考查的。
建议是考生自己把近三年的范文看看，主要看结构，然后自己写写，让同学或老师修改，再写一遍。这样做可以，一、熟悉英文写作的结构；二、熟悉适合自己的固定句型，即“万能句”。
　　6．想练习写作，但写出来的作文也不知道是对是错，怎么进行自我检查呢？
　　吴老师：英文应试的错误分为：1、结构错误；2、语言错误。一般来说，结构大多是，把提纲变为中心句，体现在每段的段首，后面接分支观点。语言错误，请一定避免简单但严重的错误。如：单复数、主谓一致、时态、搭配和简单词的拼写。因为这些错误的出现就标志着语言的基本素养是否到位。
我们应该避免误入用“大词用长句”才算写作的误区，因为，好的文章或大作家往往是用“小词”表达复杂思想。简单无误是第一原则。
　　7．最近作文的题型越来越活，能指点一下应该多注意哪些类型的文章呢？
　　吴老师：无论怎么出题，外语考试的作文大可以分为：1、正反论证；2、原因现象描述类；3、图表；4、名言谚语所谓的写信，无非就是在这四类的基础上，套用信件的格式而已。另外，大致讲来，英文考试的结构大多可以套用：中心句＋1、2、3的模式。中心句即每段第一句，中心句可由所给题纲变来，1、2、3就是每段里的分支观点或分述。
多读多写多改,四级写作高分不是梦
根据教育部高等教育司2004年公布的最新《大学英语课程教学要求》，四级写作要求如下：“能完成一般性写作任务；能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生的事件等；能写常见的应用文；能就一般性话题或提纲在半小时内写出120个词的短文，内容基本完整，用词恰当，语意连贯；能掌握基本的写作技能。”
　　同时，四级写作要求：“能填写常见的表格，如注册表、申请表、问卷调查表等；能写给或回复他人祝贺卡、生日卡、邀请信、便条、短信、通知等；能写简单的指示语、个人广告、社团海报、个人简历等；能简要描述个人经历、发生的事件、读过的故事、观看的影片、喜怒哀乐等情感，写出或回答个人或公司的信函、电子邮件、传真等。”
　　根据我们多年的教学经验，四级写作备考可分为四大步骤：
　　一、背诵：首先认真研究历年四级写作真题，重点研究2001年6月―2005年12月的11次真题，分析近年来四级写作的出题规律和考试重点，从语言、结构、内容三大层面，认真研读经典写作真题范文：语言方面学习范文中的精彩词汇、词组、句型；结构方面学习范文的框架结构、内在逻辑、关联词、同义替换和代词替换；内容方面学习范文的论点、论据和论证。同时背诵精彩写作范文，要求滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善，扎扎实实提高自己的写作实力。
　　二、默写：背诵熟练之后默写下来，仔细对照原文，会发现你默写的文章与原文有一些语法、拼写、标点的区别，这些区别就是你的写作弱点，学习关键在于针锋突破，不要全面出击。这些弱点正是你在考试中扣分的原因所在，把这些弱点意义克服，分数自然就会提高。
　　三、中译英：首先将写作真题范文译为中文，或参考范文的正确译文，然后进行中译英的工作，根据自己的理解把中文译为英文，最后对照英文原文，你会发现你的译文与原文存在较大的差别，这些差别正是你写作低分的症结所在。同样的一个中文句子，仔细对比一下你使用了哪些词汇、词组和句型，原文使用了哪些，这样你的写作水平才会逐渐提高。
　　四、写作：进行完上述工作之后，在考前必须进行写作的工作，只有动笔写作，才会发现自己的问题。可以写5―10篇真题或模拟题，模仿自己曾经背诵过的精彩词汇、词组、句型、框架和范文，写出一篇新的文章。最初不要求速度，但考前一定要进行模考，半小时写出一篇120－150词的文章。写完之后仔细修改其中的语言错误，将其改的更加精彩。
　　英语写作基础不太好的四级考生，必须按照上述步骤严格进行；基础较好的考生学习顺序正好相反，首先写作，直接写作四级真题；其次中译英，在研读原文之前，进行中译英的工作，译完对比，找出差距；然后背诵；最后默写。同时可以准备自己的写作框架，应用文和论说文分别形成固定的写法，积累精彩句型。
　　针对2006年6月的四级考试，建议大家论说文重点准备关于大学校园生活的话题，如学习、生活、社会工作、兼职打工等；应用文重点准备咨询信、投诉信、介绍信、请求信、建议信、道歉信、邀请信等私人和公务信函，以及开幕词、祝酒辞等致辞的写法。
　　多读、多写、多改，写作高分不是梦！
四六级写作中应特别注意的常见问题:主谓一致
主谓一致是英语写作中最常预见的问题之一，也是困扰广大四六级考生的一大心病。然而，最令人恐惧的不是不知如何才能让主谓一致，而是我们的四六级考生在挥毫之时根本没有意识到主谓是需要一致的。换言之，多数考生在写出主谓不一致的句子之时根本没有意识到写出来的这句话是错误的。
　　造成这种悲剧的原因及主要对策主要可以归结为以下三点：
　　第一，英汉两种语言的思维差异造成英语学习过程中的“无语法意识”或是“语法意识淡漠”的现象。这种不重视英语语法体系的习惯必然会导致“单词大联盟”（将单词按照汉语语序堆砌起来）的局面。严格地说，汉语的语法与其说是“规则”不如说是“词汇”。无论什么样的语法，词以及词在句子中的位置就能反映出来。而且，从汉字本身来看，每个字的形状都是固定的，既不能加圈，也不能少点儿。而英语就大不一样，
每个单词里所包含的字母及其顺序在单词表或是字典的词条中是一定的，一旦放到句子当中一系列的规则就能够左右它最终的面貌。就拿中国人最喜欢的一句话：“你吃了吗？”来说，只要曾经学过：“你、吃、了、吗”这几个汉字，再把它们按正确的顺序放在一起就是一句话。但是如果换成英语的话，“吃”和“你”之间的关系；“了”对应的时态；“吗”代表的疑问句语序都是值得我们考虑的。所以，习惯了汉语的随意风格，写英语句子必然会忽视“语法”这一说。“主谓一致”必然会被忽视。
　　因此，重视英汉两种语言形式上的差异，不断提醒自己语法规则在汉英转换当中的作用是解决主谓一致问题的根本。
　　第二，复杂结构和长主语的干扰作用。句子的结构一旦复杂，构成主语的单词一多，写谓语的时候主语就很容易被忽视而造成主谓不一致的现象。
　　首先，这里指的复杂结构是指几个会将主谓隔开的特殊结构。例如：插入成分，定于从句，同谓语或同谓于从句。在写作的过程当中，每每遇到以上几种情况的时候，回眸重新找主语是必须的工作。例如：
Thomas Edison, one of the most distinguished scientists, is a brilliant
inventor. 这里在写完第二个逗号的时候，就应该回过头来看看原始主语，而不能被插入成分中的scientists所蒙蔽。所以，每当遇到谓语时，重新审视主语是很重要的。
　　其次，能够对主谓一致产生阻碍最用的长主语主要是指以下两种：
　　1．主语后带“of\in 介词短语修饰”。Of 的出现就会导致谓语遇到的最近的一个名词不是of 之前真正的主语。例如：The
most favorable food of those boring people is stake. 这里，谓语is 是food
而不是of 之后的people 所决定的are.
　　2．主语后带定于从句。定语从句出现在主语修饰语中一方面造成了主语和谓语间隔距离太远， 另一方面也使得主语既长又复杂。如此，双管齐下谓语要想和主语一致就难上加难了。例如：The
idea which used to solve many emergent cases has been proved to
be impractical nowadays. 显然，has 之前的定语从句对谓语的选择造成了极大的阻碍。
　　第三，对主谓一致的特殊规则了解不够透彻。一些主谓一致的原则是无法用语法规范来解释的，而是要借助于一些“惯例”。这些惯例通常又都是一些“特例”。所以，有必要熟记一些特定的语法规则。例如：
　　1．表示数目、时间、重量、距离等的复数名词作主语，若表示一个整体，其后动词用单数；若表示的是单个个体，其后动词则用单数。
　　2．当主语为：“分数或百分数+of+名词”时，动词形式依照of 后面的单复数形式来决定。
　　3．带none 的词组做主语时，其后动词单复数形式都可以用。
　　4．Neither…or…; neither…nor…; not only…but also…的谓语采用就近原则，即和后面一部分所跟的名词决定。
新东方名师支招：四级写作加分秘诀
作者：北京新东方 蔡卫星
　　写作。这一部分要求考生在30分钟内写完一篇至少120个单词的文章。写作部分是四级考生又一软肋，得分普遍不高。有的是不了解得分技巧，有的是写不出内容，有的是语法错误太多，有的是字迹太差…那么，最后一段时间，怎么尽可能提高写作成绩呢？
　　1、合理分配30分钟。
　　有同学草草看完题目要求，就匆匆下笔，结果跑题万里。如果文章偏离主题，那就不得高分。所以，建议考生用大概5分钟时间先审题，定下大概写作方向，写下重点单词，勾勒出文章的大概框架。接下来用20分钟左右的时间来写文章。考生一般是可以在这时间内完成至少120个单词的文章的，原因四级文章一般用7―10个句子就可以写完了。不过这也要求考生在考前做一定的准备工作，比如了解作文如何分类，每一类写作可能会涉及怎样的语言表达等。另外，考生应该在考试前写几篇文章，练练笔，不至于在考试中没有写句子的感觉。写完文章后，考生还应用2-5分钟时间来检查文章。考生如果不检查文章，就会自觉不自觉地犯一些错误，尤其是单数复数的错误和时态的错误。能力很高的同学也经常犯这样的错误，因为中国人没有单复数的概念，没有时态变化的习惯，导致母语思维影响英语写作。如果文章有一些低级的错误，就会在很大程度上影响考试成绩。
　　2、掌握拓展语言的方法。
　　近几年考生普遍感觉到四级写作变难了，一个重要原因是考应用文多了，考描述性的内容多了。这类题的特点是很多语言需要自己组织，不像以前的议论文，可以大量套用模板语言。的确，描述性的语言更加需要考生靠自己的能力遣词造句。
　　而考生遇到的更为重要的问题是不知道写什么内容，每个句子都得花很多时间来思考。如果有一个比较好的思路来引导我们，那写文章就会轻松多了。所以，建议考生在考前掌握如何通过因果关系、时间顺序、空间顺序等来扩展思维。另外，还要掌握如何分析原因，如何提供方法，如何做一些简单的评论。虽然考试形式可以灵活变化，但是考到的内容总是有这些共性。例如，2005年1月考竞选演讲词，中间有能胜任的理由分析，2003年6月考目击的一起车祸，中间有对车祸原因的分析；又如2003年6月要求考生描述车祸经过，2003年9月要求考生写大家如何帮助生病同学，2004年6月写一天旅游行程的安排，2005年6月写老师做的一件让我感动的事等等，这些内容都要涉及如何按照时间先后顺序写作，如何结合因果逻辑安排情节。
　　3、增加语言的亮点。
　　为了让作文得更好的分数，考生应该了解一些得分技巧，比如在单词层面上，单词要有变化，而且部分单词要有四级难度。如一篇四级范文中，考生用believe,
think, maintain三个不同单词来表示“认为”，这就体现了变化，maintain一词也体现了四级难度。很多四级考生在写文章时会习惯性地用中学时学的单词，所以文章即使错误较少，也不能得一个较高的分数。另外，在句子层面上，需要长短句有机结合，不要从头到尾都是简单句，比如可以加一个定语从句，状语从句，插入语等。这些语言的运用可以让阅卷老师知道我们所能掌握的语言复杂级别。当然，也没有必要从头到尾都写长难句。
吴中东最新预测：4,6级写作(附范文)
　1、论说文
　　例1：Buying or Borrowing Books?
　　(1)有些人认为书应该借来看
　　(2)有些人认为书应该买来看
　　(3)你的选择？
　　Buying or Borrowing Books?
　　Books can arm us with knowledge and information we need to make
success of life. There are generally two ways in which we can have
access to books: borrowing or buying. While millions are borrowing
books, I still think buying them best suits me and gives me the
greatest pleasure.
　　Many people choose to borrow books. For one thing, borrowing
books can save us huge amounts of money. For another, if we borrow
books from the library or friends, we normally have deadline to
finish them. And consequently we can read more books in a limited
time, just as a famous Chinese saying goes, “books can not be read
unless borrowed.”
　　I believe that advantages for buying books are more obvious and
compelling. Firstly, we can keep the books as long as we wish. Secondly,
we can take whatever notes on the margin of the pages of the books.
Finally, the process of selecting and keeping books can be a great
　　例2：论电话与写信 Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?
　　1.许多人都认为人电话将取代写信，你认为呢？
　　2.请列举能支持你观点的论据
　　3.给一个简短的结论
　　Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?
　　Today, more than ever before, we depend on the expediency brought
about by such modern devices as phones. As a result, when we feel
the need to communicate with friends, instead of picking up the
pen to set down to serious writing, we pick up the phone. Indeed,
we speak so much and write so little that some people begin to suspect
that phones will kill letter writing. However widely used it is
today, the phone will not take the place of letter, for both phone
and letter writing have respective functions to perform.
　　There are at least two reasons, as far as I am concerned, why
this will not happen. For one thing, although phones admittedly
have already taken over many roles traditionally played by the letter,
there are certain areas such as commercial transactions and legal
correspondence, in which black and white sincerity and confirmation
is still a must. For another, in no way can a quick phone conversation
convey and accomplish as much as a deliberate, well worded letter
does. For instance, there seems to be no better device than letter
writing to express deep, heart-felt, profound love, a fact underlined
by the enormous love letters of great men and women.
　　As we know, in the 1960’s, there had been so much talk that TV
would kill newspapers. And it has never happened. Today we are in
a similar situation. We can be certain, for the reasons discussed
above, that letter writing is irreplaceable.
　　例3：论挫折Is Frustration a Bad Thing?
　　1.有些人认为挫折是坏事
　　2.更多的人并不认为挫折是坏事
　　3.我的看法
　　According to The New Oxford Dictionary of English, frustration,
by definition, means the feeling of being upset or annoyed, especially
because of inability to change or achieve something. Since frustration
seems to be a negative feeling, some people may be tempted to think
that frustration is bad for people. They believe that constant frustration
may cause serious mental problems. People suffering from such psychological
problems often resort to violence or suicide, which poses a big
threat to the people around them and thus causes instability to
the whole society.www.51test.net
　　Others, however, hold a different view. They maintain that it
is beneficial to people. It goes side by side with success. It inspires
people to overcome hardships and difficulties and achieve the final
success. People with this view even go so far as to say that no
frustration, no success. Indeed, we cannot always hope to embrace
success and never accept failure. And most importantly, only if
we learn from many a failure can we do things better and finally
overcome such a bad feeling as frustration.
　　Frustration thus is part of our life experience. In our process
of growing up, we may inevitably experience it when confronted with
situations that don’t come up to our expectations. It is a test
of our courage when it befalls us. If we let it control us, we may
fall into the abyss of being inflicted by serious psychological
problems. But if we harness it and take it as our source of inspiration,
we may ultimately enjoy the glory of success.
　　2.图表题
　　A. staying at home
　　B. traveling
　　C. doing social investigation
　　D. other ways
　　From the two charts, we can see that in the past ten years the
students who go traveling and do social investigations during vacations
have increased greatly while those who stay at home have decreased
　　There are several reasons for the changes. Firstly, with the
development of economy, many people have become better off. Students
can get financial support from their parents for traveling. Secondly,
tourism has greatly developed over the past ten years. Many new
scenic spots have been built and exploited. In addition, the students
today are expected and encouraged to participate in facing the real
world. In this way they can obtain the necessary experiences required
when they go job-hunting upon graduation.
　　From the changes in the charts, we can predict that more and
more college students will make their vacations interesting and
worthwhile by going to the outside world instead of staying at home.
　　3.记叙文
　　例：A Welcome Back Celebration
　　1.杨玲生病，情绪低落.
　　2.班上同学准备cheer her up.
　　3.举办一场欢迎party.
　　Yang Ling is my fellow classmate and friend. Recently she had
a terrible condition and has been hospitalized for over a month.
She was depressed, sad and downhearted. She told us so many things
are working against her, and she didn’t know how to change and redirect
　　The day before she was released from hospital, we, some of her
friends decided to give a surprise to cheer her up the next day.
That night, she came back, shoulders bent and head fallen. She was
so deep in her bad mood that she didn’t realize that her dorm is
the only one in the building that is dark. She turned the key in
the lock and opened the door when the room was suddenly lit like
a bright day. Her eyes sparkled with delight and surprise. She saw
all her classmates crowded in this tiny room. Everyone was holding
something in his hand, flowers, fruits, cards, cheering, “Welcome
back!” She was so moved that she burst into tears. And smile returned
to her pretty face. She said “Thank you all.” heartedly.
　　Ever since that day, happiness and delight have stayed with her.
Life is so wonderful.
　　4.口语作文
　例：工作总结演讲
　　1.简述上周五系学生会搞的一次以环保为主题的到某一湖区拾trash的活动。
　　2.上述活动的效果及存在的问题。
　　3.你的建议。
　　My fellow students,
　　Last Friday, the Students’ Union of our Department organized
a clean-up project to Zhongshan Lake. The purpose of this project
is to enhance(加强)the environment awareness of general public. Late
in the afternoon around 4, a group of 35 volunteers went to the
park where we pick up the trash(垃圾)left by some tourists. As head
of the group, I would like to report to you on the event.
　　Actually, we did a wonderful job. When we were collecting the
trash near the lake, many people paused to watch and then came to
our help, showing considerable appreciation and support. But our
work still left some to be desired. For one thing, since our project
started late in the afternoon, hours were not long enough to attract
enough people as we had predicted. For the other, lots of people
passed by apparently not knowing what we were doing. But for these
two drawbacks, our project could have been much better and more
effective.
　　So, following are two of my suggestions: next time we have similar
activities, try to start earlier, say in the morning. In this case
we can put in more hours. And also, as we are getting along, we
can put up some posters to tell people what we are doing and call
their attention to environment protection. Thank you.
　　5.书信
　　例1：感谢信
　　(1)给小何写信感谢他接待你在云南旅游
　　(2)回忆美好的旅行经历
　　(3)邀请小何来你的家乡做客
　　June 17th , 2006
　　Dear Xiao He,
　　Thank you ever so much for having invited me for the tour of
Yunnan, your home province. I had a fantastic time with you and
your family. Your great hospitality will be unforgettable throughout
　　When I think of those gorgeous places of scenic beauty you showed
me around, I couldn’t be more delighted. And the pineapple pie Grandma
prepared for me is out of this world. I had never had so delicious
food! Indeed, I am still missing your snug log-cabin, small and
cozy, which was turned into my dream house in fairy land those nights.
　　Would you come to Harbin, my home town, some time this summer
vacation? Harbin, a beautiful place frequently referred to as Oriental
Paris, offers a picture of another kind. I can assure you another
pleasant tour. My family and I cannot wait to see you here.
　　Yours,
　　Li Ming
　　例2：投诉信
　　(1)陈述你对学校图书馆的不满
　　(2)列举图书馆存在的问题
　　(3)希望能够得到改进
　　September, 11
　　Dear President,
　　I am a sophomore with the Department of Law. My name is Wang
Ming. I am writing to you today to intimate you with something undesirable
that I have found in the University Library.
　　You may or may not realize how much our library, the landmark
of our university or even of our town, weighs in our minds. It is
a place we are most proud of and where we like to spend most of
our time. In such an honorable place we have noticed recently some
phenomena which hurt our eye. Some seats in the reading rooms are
‘permanently reserved vacant seats’, that is, some students “occupy”
some seats they never come to use. What a terrible waste of valuable
resource! Some other students are too noisy, talking among themselves,
leaving mobile phone beeping anytime. And some library staff is
ill-mannered and rude and not helpful most of time. These and other
undesirable things have already done damage to the fame of our university
and caused a lot of inconvenience to the users.
　　Dear President, we hope that something can be done to change
and reverse the current situation. Let our cozy, comfortable, quiet,
effective library come back.
　　Best wishes
新东方名师点评2006年6月英语四级作文
6月17日的旧四级考试，是改革过程中最后一次旧四级题目的完整亮相。就目前看到的题目而言，可以说是以继承为主，延续了过去历次四级真题考试的思路和方法。其难度应该与过去的考试相当。
　　我们重点的来看一下作文：
　　1.校学生会将组织一次暑假志愿者活动,现招募志愿者
　　2.本次志愿者活动的目的,内容,安排等
　　3.报名联系方式
　　这次的作文题目延续了四级考试近几年来贴近校园生活，围绕热点话题，并强调实用性的特点。想想过去半年，在校园中轰轰烈烈开展的学习优秀大学生洪战辉的活动，那么强调志愿者活动的话题作为题目可以说是合情合理。
　　这个作文从文体上讲应该是个应用文，属于告示类。只要考生严格按照题目要求，展开三段的论述，把该写的信息写全，那么这个分数应该是比较好拿的。需要特别指出的是，对于四级考生而言，志愿者“volunteer”一词要正确拼写是有一定难度的，幸运的是题目中已经给出了此词。
　　下面是这个题目的一篇范文
　　Volunteers Needed
　　A voluntary activity in the summer vacation will be organized
by the University Students Union. The Student Union will open free
English classes for the youngsters in S.O.S Children’s Village.
The classes will last for a week.
　　Currently, we will recruit 5 volunteers to work as English teachers.
The volunteers are requested to speak fluent English. Those with
English teaching experience are preferable. Besides the English
skills, we expect the volunteers to be patient, open-minded with
a loving heart. The Children’s Village will provide the volunteers
with three meals a day and transportation from and to the university
during the class days.
　　Those who are interested in taking part in the activity, please
send your resume to the email address studentunion@bju.edu before
June 30th. The office of the Student Union will contact the chosen
candidates for an interview before July 10th.
大学英语四级考试真题范文
Volunteers Needed
　　Travel across the country!
　　Use the knowledge you have learned!
　　Make a difference in children's lives!
　　This summer, the Student Union is organizing a group of students
to teach basic English to elementary students in Guizhou, and we
are currently looking for volunteers just like you!
　　We will be traveling by train to Guizhou, and will spend three
weeks teaching students in the countryside. Our goal is not only
to teach the students basic English, but also to encourage them
to continue their education in the future.
　　All students who have free time this summer, enjoy working with
children, and have passed the CET-6 are eligible to volunteer. Be
sure to sign up quickly, as we only have twelve openings for volunteers.
This summer could change your life and the lives of many children!
　　Interested? Please call
to sign up!
日四级真题作文点评
本次考试作文命题是关于学校学生会暑假招募志愿者的通知，属于应用文的类型，应该是近几年来最简单的一次命题，想必是最后一次老四级了，给大家留个好映像吧。本次题目是新航道的四级写作课堂重点关注的题型领域之一。我在新航道的课堂上反复强调重视有关校园生活的话题，今天看来是有依据的。这次的四级作文作为老四级的最后一次出题，由于四级作文是本次四、六级改革中几乎没有什么变化的一块内容，故而对它的进一步分析和评点依然具有十分现实的意义。
　　对任何一门考试而言，最有效的高分方法就是直接针对该考试内容的评分标准要求，完成其所要考核的任务。四级作文更是如此。在新航道的四级作文课上，紧扣评分标准的标准化写作程序也充分的体现了这一点。分析大纲就不难发现，新老四级对写作部分最大的要求就是两个字：表达，意即是否能够在有限的时间和字数内把命题的内容说清楚，把逻辑整明白。
　　四级作文的文章表达逻辑主要有原因论证、叙述、描述、例证、阐述解决方法和影响等类型，不同的类型有不同的解题思路，具体到这道题而言，文章的思路已经提示得很明确了，就是首先在开头部分简要而又清晰的说明是什么事情。一定不能够图简便而丢失需要你表达的信息。
　　作为文章主题的第二段需要说明本次活动的具体情况，而且顺序也很清楚，同学需要做的事情就是设计一个活动，可以是任何类型的，但必须是体现志愿精神的公益活动，如果说成打工实践，就偏题了。然后按照段落思路要求，把活动的目的、具体内容和安排分别用一到两句话说明就完成了任务。需要稍加注意的就是对安排的描述，应当以逻辑关系副词组成有顺序的句子。
　　具体的安排，最好用将来进行时态。最后一段是更加模式化的，如果经常关注英文的招聘信息，应该相当熟悉这样的表达，比如使用专门的词
qualifications，contact 等。
　　在文章整个构架基本清晰以后，基本就能达到评分标准的8分水平了，那么制约8分到14分的因素就是文字上的功夫了。具体而言关于句子的构造水平和用词的功夫。本次作文可能出现的用词，比如关于目的的表达，(goal,
aim),关于安排（arrangements, schedule, process）,条件（qualification）关于招募（recruit）等是否能够准确使用书面语表达出来，将成为影响高分的关键。新航道祝各位考生取得好成绩。
四六级写作必得高分的“六项基本原则”
　一、 长短句原则
　　短句放在段首或者段末，可以揭示主题：
　　As a creature, I as a man, I read. Although one action is
to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy
the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.
　　强烈建议：在文章第一段用一长一短开头；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句介绍主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式；文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。
　　二、 主题句原则
　　三、 一 二 三原则
　　1）in the first place, in the second place, lastly
　　2）to begin with, furthermore, finally
　　3）to start with, in addition, finally
　　4）first and foremost, besides, last but not least
　　5）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）
　　四、 短语优先原则
　　两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点；其二、凑字数
　　I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.
　　I want it.可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.
　　五、 多实少虚原则
　　一定要多用实词，少用虚词（比较大的词）。good, nice空洞，generous, humorous, smart, gentle,
warm-hearted, hospitable形象。再比如：走出房间空洞的词是：walk out of the room
　　小偷走出房间应该说：slip/sneak out of the room
　　小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room
　　小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room
　　老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room
　　六、 多变句式原则
　　1）加法（串联）
　　2）转折（拐弯抹角）
　　3）因果
　　4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）
　　5）附加（多此一举）
　　Ms. Pan, an English teacher who has taught us for three semesters,
is easy-going.
　　6）排比（排山倒海句）
　　一个个排比句，一个个对偶句，一个个不定式，一个个短语，使文章有排山倒海之势！
　　Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated
or simple, there is plenty in London for you.
　　Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such
as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, wind and ocean tides.
英语新旧四级作文对比分析
　要分析新的四级写作考试,笔者的观点是一定要将日的历史上最后一次旧四级考试与日的第一次新四级考试的作文类型加以对比。
　　从体裁来说,6月17日的旧四级作文考试属于应用文的写作----“An announcement for a voluntary
program”招募志愿者的通知书。
　　而6月24日的新四级作文考试属于标准的议论文写作---论述大学里的学生自由选择任课老师的话题,提纲如下:
　　1．有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课老师。
　　2．学生选择老师时所考虑的主要因素。
　　3、学生自选任课老师的益处及可能产生的问题。
　　首先，先看6月17日的旧四级作文考试，你会发现，这个题目虽然没有写过，但其规定的提纲内容却非常眼熟，联系2005年1月的真题“学生会主席竞选演说词”以及2004年6月的真题“日程安排解说文”，可以说语言和思路我们在课堂上均进行了详细的讲述，如何引出一件事情，引出后又如何一步一步有逻辑、有条理的描述，这些似乎都不陌生。
　　其次，再看6月24日的新四级作文考试，你又会发现，这个题目属于标准的现象解释题目，同时含有一些对比观点型题目的成分，其实就是现象解释与对比观点的结合。第一段引出现在大学中存在的现象DD有些大学允许学生自由选择任课老师，描述现状。第二段解释这样一个校园教学现象的原因，也就是DD学生选择老师时考虑的因素，他们为什么要求自由选择老师。第三段里的益处其实可以合并到第二段去发挥，在第三段中主要去描述这样一个校园问题将来的发展趋势以及可能产生的问题，然后提出若干解决方案。
　　通过上述分析，可以说新的四级写作考试仍然极大的延续了过去最重要的题型DD议论文写作，当然今年这两次紧邻的四级考试，一篇考了应用文，一篇考了议论文，笔者认为非常的合理，也在预料之中，题目没有超出我们在课堂上所讲的文章题型范围，而且都属于标准的校园话题，在话题上也正验证了笔者在每一个班的第一节课所说的DD四级写作的话题涉及校园生活、简单科技现象、社会问题以及对他们的简单理由分析、方案提出。
　　谈到以后的四级考试作文部分，我想所有考生都应该做的是：全面掌握应用文、记叙文以及议论文的写法，积累词、句和段落，在有了一定积累的基础上方能进行灵活的发挥，好的词句信手拈来的同时，也要有改造和灵活重组的能力。
【作文模板】英语四六级作文：叙文的题型
第一部分、四六级作文：记叙文题型作文DIY写作步骤
　　要求考生写一篇记叙文，描述事件发生的时间、地点、原因、人物及结果，最后对事件进行简单分析，如：2003年6月四级作文、2003年9月四级作文、2004年6月六级作文。
　　对这类题型，通常分为三个步骤来写：
　　第一段、总结描述
　　交代清楚故事涉及的人物、时间、地点：
　　主题句
　　第二段、具体描述
　　具体描述事件发生的原因、经过和结果
　　起因＋经过＋结果
　　第三段、对事件的分析
　　分析句1+分析句2+分析3
　　第二部分、记叙文题型作文DIY写作范文练习
　　［实战演练］
　　Directions：For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write
a composition on the topic The Day My Classmate Fell Ill.
　　1、简单描述一下这位同学生病的情况；
　　2、同学、老师和我是如何帮助他的；
　　3、人和人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受是....
　　［DIY写作模板：架构阶段］
　　第一段：
　　开篇句：About _____ O'clock one evening in _______, _____.
　　扩展句：________. (展开描述一下事件)
　　第二段：
　　主题句：Without hesitation, _____. It wasn't long before _____.
　　扩展句：1、One ______.
　　2、Another _______.
　　3、Our teacher _______.
　　第三段：
　　结尾句：Is _______? Who can tell ? But ______.
　　扩展句：1、When ____ , people showed _____ spirit regardless of ____.
　　2、This kind of care between persons is the very kind giving,
unselfish and priceless devotion or sacrifice.
　　3、And it is just because of this care that we can have warm families,
a happy life and a beautiful world.
　　［DIY写作模板：填充阶段］
　　第一段：
　　开篇句：Aboutnine O'clock one evening inMay, my roommate Li Ming
was lying in bed, trembling with cold and having a cough.
　　扩展句：His head was aching so intensely that he kept groaning. His
forehead felt very hot.We took his temperature. It was 38.5℃.(展开描述一下事件)
　　第二段：
　　主题句：Without hesitation, I dialed &120&. It wasn't long
before an ambulance arrived.
　　扩展句：1、One roommate brought a blanket for him.
　　2、Another supported him in the ambulance.
　　3、Our teacher insisted on giving him some money.
　　第三段：
　　结尾句：Ishe a suspedted SARS patient? Who can tell ? Butwedid't
　　扩展句：1、Whenthe savage SARS was spreading,people showedfearless
spirit regardless of dangers to their own health.
　　2、This kind of care between persons is the very kind giving,
unselfish and priceless devotion or sacrifice.
　　3、And it is just because of this care that we can have warm families,
a happy life and a beautiful world.
　　第三部分、范文
　　About nine O'clock one evening in May, my roommate Li Ming was
lying in bed, trembling with cold and having a cough.His head was
aching so intensely that he kept groaning. His forehead felt very
hot. We took his temperature. It was 38.5℃.
　　Without hesitation, I dialed &120&. It wasn't long
before an ambulance arrived. One roommate brought a blanket for
him. Another supported him in the ambulance. Our teacher insisted
on giving him some money.
　　Is he a suspedted SARS patient? Who can tell ? But we did't retreat.
When the savage SARS was spreading, people showed fearless spirit
regardless of dangers to their own health.This kind of care between
persons is the very kind giving, unselfish and priceless devotion
or sacrifice.And it is just because of this care that we can have
warm families, a happy life and a beautiful world.
英语四六级写作25个加分句型
一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read,
　　~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read,
　　例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.
　　海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
　　Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.
　　张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。
　　二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than
　　例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.
　　没有比接受教育更重要的事。
　　三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。）
　　例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too
　　我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
　　四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）
　　例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone
from bad to worse.
　　不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。
　　五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...）
　　例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable
　　全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
　　六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫无疑问的...）
　　例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something
to be desired.
　　毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。
　　七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的优点是...）
　　例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create
(produce) any pollution.
　　使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。
　　八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...）
　　例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide
us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that
they can supply fresh air for us.
　　我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。
　　九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 （如此...以致于...）
　　例句：So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.
　　时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。
　　十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~ （虽然...）
　　例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by
no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account
　　虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。
十一、The + ~er + S + V,　
　　~~~the + ~er + S + V ~~~　
　　The + more + Adj + S + V,　
　　~~~the + more + Adj + S + V~~~（愈...愈...）　
　　例句：The　harder　you　work,　the　more　progress　you　make.　
　　你愈努力，你愈进步。　
　　The　more　books　we　read,　the　more　learned　we　become.　
　　我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。　
　　十二、By　+Ving,　~~　can　~~　（借着...，..能够..）　
　　例句：By　taking　exercise,　we　can　always　stay　healthy.　
　　借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。　
　　十三、~~~　enable　+　Object（受词）+　to　+　V　（..使..能够..）　
　　例句：Listening　to　music　enable　us　to　feel　relaxed.　
　　听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。　
　　十四、On　no　account　can　we　　+　V　~~~　（我们绝对不能...）　
　　例句：On　no　account　can　we　ignore　the　value　of　knowledge.　
　　我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。　
　　十五、It　is　time　+　S　+　过去式　（该是...的时候了）　
　　例句：It　is　time　the　authorities　concerned　took　proper　steps　to　solve　the　traffic　problems.　
　　该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。　
　　十六、Those　who　~~~　（...的人...）　
　　例句：Those　who　violate　traffic　regulations　should　be　punished.　
　　违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。　
　　十七、There　is　no　one　but　~~~　（没有人不...）　
　　例句：There　is　no　one　but　longs　to　go　to　college.　
　　没有人不渴望上大学。　
　　十八、be　+　forced/compelled/obliged　+　to　+　V　（不得不...）　
　　例句：Since　the　examination　is　around　the　corner,　I　am　compelled　to　give　up　doing　sports.　
　　既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。　
　　十九、It is　conceivable　that　+　句子　（可想而知的）　
　　It　is　obvious　that　+　句子　（明显的）　
　　It　is　apparent　that　+　句子　（显然的）　
　　例句：It　is　conceivable　that　knowledge　plays　an　important　role　in　our　life.　
　　可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。　
　　二十、That　is　the　reason　why　~~~　（那就是...的原因）　
　　例句：Summer　is　sultry.　That　is　the　reason　why　I　don’t　like　it.　
　　夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。　
　　二十一、For　the　past　　+　时间，S　+　现在完成式...（过去...年来，...一直...）　
　　例句：For　the　past　two　years,　I　have　been　busy　preparing　for　the　examination.　
　　过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。　
　　二十二、Since　+　S　+　过去式，S　+　现在完成式。　
　　例句：Since　he　went　to　senior　high　school,　he　has　worked　very　hard.　
　　自从他上高中，他一直很用功。
　　二十三、It　pays　to　+　V　~~~　（...是值得的。）　
　　例句：It　pays　to　help　others.　
　　帮助别人是值得的。　
　　二十四、be　based　on　（以...为基础）　
　　例句：The　progress　of　thee　society　is　based　on　harmony.　
　　社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。　
　　二十五、Spare　no　effort　to　+　V　（不遗余力的）　
　　例句：We　should　spare　no　effort　to　beautify　our　environment.　
　　我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。
学点写作知识
i. Important Points of Sentences
1) A simple sentence gives prominence to an idea.
2) A compound sentence conveys similarity or equality.
3) A complex sentence reveals relative importance of ideas.
4) A compound-complex sentence shows the complexity of matter.
5) A short sentence is pithy(精练的) and poignant, but too many short
sentences in a series sound monotonous and childish.
6) A long sentence impresses people with deliberateness or ease,
but too many long sentences in a series seem rambling(散漫的) or sound
7) A loose sentence conveys vividness and spontaneity. It is suitable
for reporting and story-telling, but a string of them gives the
impression of carelessness.
8) A periodic sentence gains strength and dignity by reserving the
climax to the end, but if used extensively it renders the style
stiff and affected.
9) A balance sentence suits best comparison and contrast, exposition
but should only used sparingly(节俭的) for significant
otherwise, the writing sounds too pompous.
ii. Paragraph
A paragraph is a group of closely related sentences dealing with
a single topic or idea. Usually, one sentence, called the topic
sentence, stated the main idea of the paragraph. All the other sentences
must be related to this topic sentence.
A paragraph has four elements: a topic sentence, supporting sentences,
a concluding sentence , and transitional sentences. The first three
are the essential elements or major structural parts, while the
last, an additional element, which provides a smooth transition
between different sets of ideas.
A paragraph resembles a mini-essay in three important ways: It is
unified, it is coherent, and it is developed.
iii. Important Points on Unity
1. Every paragraph should have a purpose of its own, whether by
itself or as part of a greater unit.
2. Every paragraph should be full of interesting, informative substance.
3. All material irrelevant to the purpose should be excluded.
4. Try to write as briefly as possible.
5. A topic sentence can be used at the beginning, at the end or
in the middle of a paragraph if it helps to clarify the purpose,
otherwise it can be dispensed with.
iv. Important Points on Coherence
1. The ideas in a paragraph should be arranged in a logical sequence.
1) Chronological order is usually adopted in narrative paragraphs,
but is sometimes interrupted by flashbacks and somewhat influenced
by the author’s interest and sympathy.
2) Spatial sequence is often followed in descriptive paragraphs,
but to start off with or to build up one’s material around one’s
dominant impression is very effective.
2. Use connective words or phrases or repeat the key words or phrases
to enhance coherence between the key words or phrases to enhance
coherence between the parts in a paragraph.
v. Transitions used for different purposes
1. Transitions that explain
now, in addition, for , in this case, furthermore, in fact, in other
words, this is, as a matter of fact, in fact
2. Transitions that emphasize.
certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, truly, of
course, anyway, in particular
3. Transitions that qualify
but, however, although, yet, except for
4. Transitions that illustrate.
for example, for instance, thus, such, next, namely,
5.Transitions that add.
In addition, furthermore, also, moreover, first, second, third,
etc, then, besides, next, again, besides, what’s more
6.Transitions that compare.
like, in the same way, similarly, equally important, too, likewise,
at the same time, meanwhile
7.Transitions that contrast
unlike, in contrast, whereas, on the other hand, instead, but, despite,
nevertheless, on the contrary, however, in spite of
8. Transitions that concede.
although, nevertheless, of course, after all, clearly, still, yet
9. Transitions that state a consequence.
therefore, as a result, consequently, accordingly, otherwise, hence,
thus, in this way
10.Transitions that sum up.
to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, all in all,
altogether, as has been said/stated/mentioned, in brief, on the
whole, in a word,
11.Transitions that indicate place
above, below, adjacent to, elsewhere, here, there, farther on, near,
nearby, on the other side, opposite to, to the east, wherever, to
the left…etc, close to, next to, in front of, at the back of, at
the front of
12.Transitions that indicate time
after a while, afterward as long as, at that moment, as soon as,
at last, at length, at that time, before, earlier, formerly, immediately,
in the meantime, in earlier, formerly, immediately, in the meantime,
in the past, lately, later, once upon a time, meanwhile, now, presently,
shortly, simultaneously, since, so far, soon, then, subsequently,
thereafter, until, when, etc.
13. Transitions that indicate reason and cause
because, because of, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as, for,
for this reason,
14. Transitions that indicate order
first, second, in the first place, first of all, at first, to begin
with, firstly, in the end, eventually, at last,
15. Some other transitions.
1) Pronouns as transitions
2) Synonyms as transitions
3) Coordinating conjunctions as transitions
4) Repeating words for transitions
vi. Development of Paragraph
1. Narration usually follows chronological order. There are two
special kinds of narration: personal experience and personal observation.
The choosing and arranging of pertinent facts are the key to effective
narration.
2. Description: Details are the essence of description. Even abstract
ideas can be made vivid by them.
vii. Methods of Paragraph Development
1. Giving examples
2. Comparing and contrasting
3. Classifying
4. Showing cause and effect
5. Defining
6. Development by time
7. Development by space
8. Development by process
9. Development by detail
10. Development by combination of methods
viii. Revising Checklists for Revising and Rewriting
When revising an essay you should review its purpose, organization,
development, sentence, structure, diction, grammar, usage, and mechanics.
The following checklists should serve as helpful guides to these
1. Purpose
1) Does the essay have a clear, definite theme, a focus, a central
point? Is it built around a stated or clearly implied thesis sentence?
2) Does it keep in mind the reader or readers for whom it is intended?
3) Does the essay seem likely to accomplish its purpose? If not,
2.Organization
1) Does the plan of the essay follow a clear method of organization?
Fox example, does it begin with a cause and proceed to an effect
or begin with an effect and then develop the causes for that effect?
Or, if the order is based on time, does the paper begin at the beginning
and proceed to later stages?
2) Are the paragraphs arranged in logical order, one paragraph naturally
following another?
3) Is the conclusion of the essay adequately anticipated and supported
by preceding material?
3.Development
1) Is each paragraph adequate in material, unified in substance,
and correctly proportioned in relation to other paragraphs in the
2) Does the sum of the paragraphs reveal enough material to convince
readers of the point you are making? Oppositely, have you included
unnecessary or irrelevant material?
3) Are there adequate and clear transitions between paragraphs and
between ideas?
4) Does the essay contain any logical loopholes, or flaws in reasoning,
that will weaken your argument.
4. Sentence Structure
1) Does the essay contain any broken sentences? Any comma faults?
Any unjustified sentence fragments?
2) Are there any dangling modifiers? Any misplaced modifiers? Any
awkward split constructions?
3) Does the essay contain any sentences that reveal faulty parallelism,
faulty coordination or subordination, and other illogical constructions?
4) Does the essay have any inconsistencies in tense, tone, or mood?
5. Diction, Grammar, and Usage
1) Is each word in the essay as suitable and effective as possible?
Does the essay contain stale expressions, unnecessary words, or
inappropriate examples of jargon and slang?
2) Does the essay contain any clear errors in usage-incorrect reference
of pronouns, faulty agreement, incorrect verb forms, mistakes in
the case of pronouns, agreement of time, nouns in plural form, omission
of article and Cs or Ces after the verb of third person in simple
present tense?
6. Mechanics
1) Does the essay contain any misspelled words?
2) Is all the punctuation logical, necessary, and a clear aid to
communication?
3) Is the essay neat in appearance and has it been prepared in accordance
with prescribed form?
4) Has the essay been carefully proofread to eliminate careless
errors of any kind?
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