他的死是由于缺乏医疗。医生就是治疗病人的人。用非限制性定语从句句翻译这两句话,急

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考研翻译中定语从句的翻译技巧
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考研翻译中定语从句的翻译技巧 作者: 宋平明
根据我们的统计,从1994年开始到2006年13年的65道翻译题中总共出现了36处定语从句,占到了55.3%的比例,一半还要多的比例!因此定语从句的翻译的好坏直接影响到考研翻译的分数。所以定语从句翻译的好坏直接影响到广大考生考研翻译的分数。
我们知道,能够作定语的不仅是单词、词组和短语,还有从句也可以作定语,那么这种从句我们称之为定语从句。
英语中的定语从句起到了一个修饰的作用,作用相当于形容词,那么定语从句我们也称之为形容词性从句。同时,我们把定语从句分为两类,一是限制性定语从句,一类是非限定性定语从句。那么,什么是限定性定语从句,简单来讲就是对所修饰的先行词的意思加以限制,表示“….的人或是物”,
举个例子来说:He is a man whom you should marry. 在这个句子中,如果去掉定语从句whom you should marry. 这个句子意思就不完整,甚至可以说是不成立了。
而非限定性定语从句,顾名思义,这类定语从句对于所修饰的事物没有限制意义的作用,而起到一种补充说明和解释的作用,与主句的关系并不密切,拿掉非限定性定语从句,主句意思照样成立。
举个例子来说:He is my father, who love me deeply. 在这个句子中,如果去掉这个“who love me deeply.”非限定性定语从句,He is my father,这个主句照样成立,意思也不会受到太大影响。
而定语从句种类的不同,我们在翻译的时候采用的翻译方法也不尽相同。一 、前置法
当一个限定性定语从句结构和意义较为简单,或是较为简短时,我们把英语原文的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组, 放置于被修饰的词之前, 将英语原文的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句。我们看一个2003年的一个句子。
Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
本句中the environment后面又跟了一个定语从句。大家看下他是什么定语从句,是限定性还是非限定性定语从句。限定性吧!它有什么特点呢,只有三个词,意义和结构都较为简单,因此我们在翻译的时候就要把它放在他所修饰的先行词的前面。
译文:而且,人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境,从而使所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想像。
再比如:98 年71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
这个句子中That existed 15 billion years ago.是一个定语从句,其先行词是the patterns and structures.这个定语从句比较简单,我们可以直接将其翻译他所修饰的先行词的前面。译文: 但更为重要的是,这是科学家们所能观察到的最遥远的过去的景象,因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。二、单独成句
当一个限定性定语从句的结构较为复杂,意义较为繁杂的时候,如果把它翻译在其修饰的先行词的后面的话,会显得定语太过于臃肿和复杂,而无法让评卷老师看的清清楚楚,明明白白。所以这个时候我们要把定语从句单独翻译出来, 放置于原来它所修饰的词的后面当定语。同时当定语从句是一个非限定性定语从句的时候,往往也要单独成句。
比如:03年64) Tylor defined culture as &... that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.&
在这个句子中,whole后面是一个很长的定语从句,无论从结构和意义上看都较为复杂,所以翻译时可以和先行词拆开。
译文:泰勒把文化定义为“一个复合体”,它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯。
再比如:2004年61题:The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.(非限定性定语从句)“which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.”是非限定性定语从句,修饰前面整个句子;在定语从句中long before 引导时间状语从句修饰动词短语Take Root,在状语从句中又包含了一个由how 引导的宾语从句,作realized的宾语。句中Take root in 作“ 扎根“讲。因此这个非限定性定语从句是较为复杂的,所以我们采用单独成句的翻译方法。译文“希腊人认为语言结构与思维过程有着某种关系,这种观点在人们认识到语言的千差万别之前就在欧洲扎了根。”三、融合法
把主句和定语从句融合成一个简单句,定语从句译成谓语。
这种方法一般用于限制性定语从句,尤其是“there be”句型中。
There is a girl downstairs who wants to see you.楼下有人要见你。
There are many people who are interested in the new invention.很多人对这项发明感兴趣。
这种定语从句在已经考过的试卷中还没有出现,所以,大家先掌握了具体的方法就好了!四、状译法
英语中有些定语从句, 不仅仅起到一个定语修饰的作用,而且在逻辑上(即意义上)与主句有状语关系, 表示原因、让步、转折等等关系。所以广大考生在翻译的时候,应尽量从英语句子的意义上发现这些逻辑上的关系, 然后翻译成汉语中相对应的逻辑关系来。
比如:97 年71) Actually,it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
在这个句子中which引导非限制性定语从句修饰名词an agreed account,而the world does not have是省略了从句引导词that的定语从句,修饰something。这个定语从句在这里有一个转折的逻辑关系在里边,所以要翻译出来!
译文:事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的,而这种共同认识并不存在.
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一、前置定语——直来直去当一个单词或是词组被一个代词、数词、形容词、名词、副词或是合成词作定语修饰的时候,往往放在被修饰的单词或是词组的前面,这时就是一个前置定语。前置定语在翻译时的方法很简单,我总结为一句话就是“直来直去”,简单讲就是按照英文原来的顺序根据词义翻译即可。 比如:94年71题里的:ordinary things
普通的东西(事物)
形容词作定语72题里的:scientific revolution 科技**, 形容词作定语74题里的:Galilio’s greatest glory 伽利略最伟大的成就 名词和形容词最高级搭配作定语75题里的:Driving force 驱动力
现在分词作定语98年71题里的:15 billion years
数词作定语
所以处理这种简单的前置定语,我们采用“直来直去”的翻译方法,按英文原来的顺序翻译就可以了。二、后置定语
但是在我们的考研翻译中更多的时候定语是以后置定语的形式出现的。后置定语分两种情况,一种是后置的定语无论从意义还是从结构上都较为简单,一种是后置定语无论从意义还是结构上都比较复杂。这就需要我们分开处理了。1、简单的后置定语——倒转乾坤
当一个后置定语意义和结构较为简单时,我们采用一种方法就是“倒转乾坤”,即把后置的定语倒过来放到所修饰的词的前面即可。
比如:95年的72题里的:the information used used是information的后置定语,因为较为简单,我们倒过来翻译就是:所使用的信息95年的74题里的:the qualities to be measured, to be measured是动词不定式做the qualities 的后置定语。也较为简单,我们还是要到装乾坤,即:所要测定的特征。
2、复杂的后置定语——一拆为二
当一个单词或是词组的后置定语的意义和结构较为复杂的时候,我们把它倒置放在被修饰的单词或是词组的前面显得过于臃肿,这时我们就要考虑把后置定语拆开单独翻译,这种方法我们称之为:一拆为二
比如:96年的71题:Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
in science being to some extent self-accelerating. 这个短语中我们发现being to some extent self-accelerating是做science的后置定语的。而在这个后置定语中,除了有一个Being self-accelerating 这个分词短语之外,还有一个to some extent这个固定词组。这样的话这个后置定语就较为复杂了,我们就要考虑把它单独拆开来翻译。
译文:其中一些原因完全是社会需求的必然结果,其它原因则是科学领域当中一些特定发展的必然结果,科学在某种程度上是自我发展的。
而如果我们把这个后置定语放在锁绣是的词的前面来说的话就是:“其中一些原因完全是社会需求的必然结果,其它原因则是在某种程度上自我发展的科学的一些特点发展的必然结果。”显得很邋遢和臃肿。所以还是拆开为好。
再比如:96年的73题:This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.   我们仔细看下本句中。哪一个是后置定语。This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research这一部分是没有的。往后看,not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. 首先有一个not…but结构。Not之后有一个related( 过去分词)引导的短语修饰research这个单词,同时还有一个介词短语of possible consequence in the future也是research的后置定语。结果我们就发现,Research后面有两个相比较的后置定语,同时还有一个not…but…结构。这样的话,这个后置定语就过去复杂了,我们在翻译的时候就要拆开了翻译了。
译文:通过给一些研究以支持,这些研究与直接目标没有关系,但是在未来可能产生影响, 看来似乎能够有效地解决这个问题。
但是,同学们一定要注意,所有的方法都不是绝对的,在运用这些方法的同时还要根据汉语的表达习惯来处理译文,这样才会更大限度的保障获得高分。三、多重后置定语——后浪推前浪
刚才我们介绍了简单的前置定语以及简单的后置定语和复杂的后置定语的翻译方法。在考研翻译中出现频率最多的是多重后置定语,这种后置定语结构看起来简单,但是同学们很难搞清楚其内在的逻辑关系,搞不清楚内在的逻辑关系,大家翻译起来就会乱七八糟,不知所云。比如:1994年的71题里的:
the insights of great men of genius1995年里的73题里的:the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity 1997年的72题里的:part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
典型特征:
A(中心词)+介词(of)+B+介词(of)+C+….
翻译技巧:后浪推前浪:
这种方法就是要求我们在翻译的时候从后开始先翻译,先说C再说B然后说中心词A。这样就保证基本不会有错!
我们试着翻译一下上边所列出来的几个例子:1994年的71题的:the insights of great men of genius 天才伟人的真知灼见1995年里的73题的the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity 有关相对效度的经验证据1997年里的72题的:part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. 义务与权利相交换的部分再比如:1999年的74题里的:1、the concepts peculiar to historical work in general 2、the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.The concepts 的意思是概念,peculiar的意思是“特殊的特有的,”historical work的意思是“历史研究工作”,in general 的意思是:“一般的”。我们组合在一起看看怎么翻译:先说最后的,一般的,然后往前推,一般的历史研究工作中的特有的概念。Ok ,成功。
第二个例子我们就可以简单的处理为:历史研究中的适合各个分支的研究方法。
再比如:2000年的72题里的:the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds即:所有科学技术工作者的努力。简单来讲就是:所有科技工作者的努力。
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一、 切分  英语中长句较多, 句中修饰语多且长,使句子结构复杂,所以英译汉时,不能照样克隆复制,而是得根据汉语语法的特点,灵活处理。切分就是一种常用的方法,是指把英语中的长句分解成两个或两个以上的句子。它常包括单词分译、短语分译和句子分译等三种情况。  (一) 单词分译  单词分译是指把原文中的一个单词拆译成一个小句或者句子。采用单词分译主要有两个目的:一是为了句法上的需要。由于一些单词在搭配、词义等方面的特点,直译会使句子生硬晦涩,翻译腔十足,而把某个单词分译却能使句子通顺,且不损伤原意。二是为了修饰上的需要,如加强语气,突出重点等。英语中的名词、动词、形容词和副词等都可分译。例如:  (1)We recognize that China's long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth.  我们认识到,中国的长期现代化计划以发展经济为重点,这是可以理解的,也是必要的。  (2) Then and there he named the startled General lying wounded on his cot the new Commander in Chief of the Air force…  他就在当时当地任命这位躺在榻上治伤的将军为空军总司令,使这位将军吃了一惊。  (3) A movie of me leaving that foxhole would look like a shell leaving a rifle.  我离开那个猫儿洞的速度之快,要是拍成电影的话,会象出膛的子弹一样。  (4) Yet it is painfully apparent that millions of Americans who would never think of themselves as law-breakers, let alone criminals, are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes that are designed to protect and nourish their society.  显然,数百万美国人从来没有想过自己会违法,更不用说犯罪了,而就是他们正在越来越肆意歪曲旨在保护和培育这个社会的法律条文,这真令人痛心。  (原文中painfully apparent如照字面译成&痛心地明显的&,不合汉语表达习惯,将painfully单译成句,既突出了重点,表明作者对这一现象感到痛心的心情,又使语言自然流畅。)  (5) At present people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply.  现在,人们都倾向于采取不偏不倚的态度来回答问题,因为它安全,不招风险。  (choose the safety of the middle-ground reply如机械直译成&选择不偏不倚回答问题的安全&,语言晦涩难懂。将safety分译出来则较好地解决了这一问题。)  (6) Auntie Julia vainly asked each of her neighbors in turn to tell her what Gabriel had said.  朱利亚姨妈接连向坐在旁边的人打听加布里埃尔刚才说了些什么,却没有问出个所以然来。  (二) 短语分译  短语分译是指把原文中的一个短语分译成一个句子。名词短语、分词短语、介词短语等有时都可以分译成句。例如:  (1) These cheerful little trams, dating back to 1873, chug and sway up the towering hills with bells ringing and people hanging from every opening.  这些令人欢快的小缆车建于1873年,嘎嚓嘎嚓摇摆爬上高耸的山峦。车上铃儿叮当作响,每个窗口都是人。(介词短语分译)  (2) The military is forbidden to kill the vessel, a relatively easy task.  军方被禁止击毁这艘潜艇,虽然要击毁它并不怎么费事。(名词短语分译)  (3) Invitingly green Angel Island, once a military installation, contains meandering trails and picnic spots ideal for a day's excursion.  迷人的天使岛郁郁葱葱,小径蜿蜒,是一日游的理想野餐场所。但在过去它却是一个军事基地。(名词短语分译)  (三) 句子分译  句子分译可以分为简单句的分译、并列复合句的分译、主从复合句的分译以及其他情况的分译。  A. 简单句的分译  (1) Daybreak comes with thick mist and drizzle.  黎明时分,大雾弥漫,细雨蒙蒙。  (2) But another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international relations.但是,如果该地区再次发生战争,显然会使国际关系处于紧张状态。  B. 并列复合句的分译  并列英语复合句常常在分句连接处加以切分,译成两个或两个以上的句子。例如:  (1) I sat with his wife in their living room, looking out the glass doors to the backyards, and there was Allen's pool, still covered with black plastic that had been stretched across it for winter.  我跟他妻子一起坐在他们家的起居室里,望着玻璃门外的后院。后院里有阿伦的游泳池,上面还盖着过冬时铺上去的黑色塑料蓬。(在连词and处切分)  (2) On her once familiar street, as in any unused channel, an unfamiliar que a cat wove itself in and out of railings, but no human eye watched Mrs Drover's return.  走在一度熟悉的大街上,就像在一条没有人走过的道路上一样,她心里充满了从未有过的新奇。一只猫在栏杆那儿绕来绕去,但是没有人留意特罗弗太太回来。(在;处切分)  (3) The entire cable-car system recently got an overhaul after more than a century of operations, so you are on firm ground even if the streets seem to be tilting beneath you.  在运行了一个世纪之后,最近对整个缆车系统进行了彻底检修。所以即使你觉得街道似乎在下面倾斜,你在缆车上仍很安全。(在连词so处切分)  (4) The recruitment of Chinese labor was not universally accepted in racially conscious 19th century America and some white workers were unsettled by their appearance in large numbers.  在种族意识十分强的19世纪的美国,招募中国劳工的做法并非普遍为人接受。由于工地上大批出现中国劳工,某些白人工人感到心绪不宁。(在连词and处切分)
C. 主从复合句的分译  英语复合句汉译时常在分句连接处加以切分,分译成两个或两个以上的句子。例如:  (1) One day, while out on the bleak moors, Pip is startled by a hulking, menacing man who threatens him if he does not bring him some food immediately.  匹普外出在阴冷的荒原上游荡时,一个魁梧、凶狠的男子把他吓了一跳。这个男子威胁他,让他立即为他送些食物来。(在who引导的从句前切分)  (2) All this had come to an end in 1905 when the medical mission was dissolved and several of Mother's colleagues were killed in the uprising.  1905年,这一切都宣布结束了。在一次**中,妈妈的几个同事牺牲了,医疗队也解散了。(when处切分)  D. 其他情况的分译  有些长句的翻译得根据具体情况、意群的分布等进行灵活处理,合理进行切分,使译文层次分明,观点明确。例如:  (1) Suddenly the door bursts open and the Time Traveler appears, dirty, disheveled, and bedraggled, with a nasty cut on his chin.  突然,门猛然开了,时间旅行家出现。他十分肮脏,衣冠不整,满身是泥,下巴颏被严重划伤。(在appear后切分)  (2) The boy and the woman were already seated by spread table-cloth when the man came down to them, dressed in his business suit and vest and tie and hat as if he expected to meet someone along the way.  等到男人走过来时,女人和孩子早已挨着地上铺开的桌布边坐好了。男人身穿上班的套装和背心,系着领带,戴着帽子,似乎估计路上会遇到什么人似的。(分词短语前切分)
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二、合并  一般说来,英语句子要比汉语句子长,英译汉时切分用得较多;但是较口语化的英语句子也比较短,英译汉时有时也得用合并。合并常用于以下二种情况:  (一) 简单句与简单句的合并  把原文中的两个或两个以上的简单句合并成一个句子。例如:  (1) She is intelligent, ambitious and hard-working. She is also good at solving problems.  她很有才智、雄心勃勃、工作努力,还善于解决问题。(两句合一)  (2) The door was unlocked. She went inside and sat in a stupor. She was near collapse, barely able to move her swollen feet.  门没锁上,她走了进去,呆呆地坐了下来,极度的衰弱几乎使她无力挪动她那红肿的双脚。(三句合一)  (3) I pulled up a chair and sat down. I sat with my legs wide apart at first. But this struck me as being irreverent and too familiar. So I put my knees together and let my hands rest loosely on them.  我把椅子挪过去坐下,开始两脚分开,但我突然觉得这样显得不尊重,太不拘礼节,便把两膝并拢,把双手随便地放在膝盖上。(四句合一)  (二) 复合句的合并  把原文中的主从复合句或并列复合句译成一个简单句或词组。例如:  (1) We are going to have to be prepared to operate with people who are nuts.  我们将不得不应付那些难对付的家伙。  (2) And he found himself trying to suppress a bitterness that was soul-destroying.  他发现自己在竭力抑制损伤灵魂的苦涩。  (3) Many people have married whose chances to do so were much inferior to Miss Martha's.  许多条件远不如玛莎的人都已结了婚。  (4) The diagnosis seems in every case to correspond exactly with all the sensations that I have ever felt.  每次看病的诊断似乎都和我所有的感觉完全相符。
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由于英汉文化存在许多差异,因此英语中某些文化词语在汉语中根本就没有对等词,形成了词义上的空缺。在这种情况下,英译汉时常常要采用加注法来弥补空缺。加注通常可以用来补充诸如背景材料、词语起源等相关信息,便于读者理解。加注法可分为音译加注和直译加注两种。  音译加注指音译后附加解释性注释。注释可长可短,可采用文中注释,也可采用脚注,还可二者合用。例如:  cartoon 卡通片  Hamburger 汉堡包  Benz 奔驰车  clone 克隆(一种无性繁殖方法)  sauna  桑那浴(源于芬兰的一种蒸汽浴)  hacker ***(在信息空间中主动出击,对他人的电脑或网络系统进行诸如窥探、篡改或盗窃保密的数据及程序的过程,并可能由此造成混乱和破坏的电脑迷)  El Nino 厄尔尼诺(现象)(指严重影响全球气候的太平洋热带海域的大风及海水的大规模移动)  Bunsen 本生灯(一种煤气灯)  AIDS 爱滋病(一种性免疫缺损综合症)  (1) Hygeia herself would have fallen sick
and how much more this poor old nervous victim?  按照这样的养生之道,别说这可怜的老太太了,就连健康女神哈奇亚*也会害病。  *哈奇亚是希腊神话中的健康女神。  (2) Big Ben is ringing the hour.大本钟*在当当报时。  *伦敦英国议院塔上的大钟。  (3) Pizza is my son's favorite American food. 比萨饼是我儿子最喜欢的美国食品。  (4) New York was never Mecca to me.纽约从不是我心中的圣地麦加。  (5) Like a son of Bachus, he can drink up two bottles of whisky at a breath.  他简直像酒神巴赫斯的儿子,能一口气喝光两瓶威士忌。  *巴赫斯是古希腊神话中的酒神。  (6)
Say you shoot a video that you think is particularly artsy. Beam it out and make a small fortune by charging an untold number of viewers a fee for watching. Peter Jennings would be obsolete.  你拍了一部自认为特别有艺术价值的电视片,那就将此片对外播放,并通过向无数的观众收费挣点钱。这样人们就不再需要著名的新闻播音员彼特o杰宁斯了。.  (7)He saw himself, in a smart suit, bowed into the opulent suites of Ritzes.  他发现自己身着漂亮的礼服,被恭恭敬敬地引进了像里兹饭店*一般的豪华旅馆的客房里下榻。  *里兹饭店原为瑞士人里兹()开设,以豪华著称。  (8)A dead leaf fell in Soapy's lap. That was Jack Frost's card.  一片枯叶飘落到苏贝的膝头。那是杰克o弗罗斯特*的名片。  *杰克o弗罗斯特(Jack Frost)是英文里对&寒霜&的拟人称号。  (9)&It is true that the enemy won the battle, but theirs is but a Pyrrhic victory,& said the General.  将军说:&敌人确实赢得了战斗,但他们的胜利只是皮洛士的胜利*,得不偿失。&  *皮洛士(Pyrrhus)是古希腊伊庇鲁斯国王,曾率兵至意大利与罗马交战,付出惨重代价,打败罗马军队,由此即以&皮洛士式的胜利&一词来借喻惨重的代价。  (10)Nancy Reagan, and not George Gallup, may well have the final say.  拥有最后发言权的,并非乔治o盖洛普*民意测验,而是南希o里根。  *乔治o盖洛普(1901- )为美国统计学家。他发明的民意测验方法在西方广为流行。他的名字&盖洛普&也就成了这种测验方法的通称。  (11)You look like AL-Capone in that suit.  你穿上那套衣服,看上去就像个流氓阿尔o卡彭*了。  *阿尔o卡彭是美国历史上一著名歹徒,芝加哥犯罪集团的一首领。  (12) Big Ben is ringing the hour.  大本钟*在当当报时。  *伦敦英国议院塔上的大钟。  (13) It is always inspiring to see a brave man fighting for a lost cause, and I never cease to admire the Jacobitish zeal with which year after year Mr. John Ervine carries on a guerrilla war-fare against the ever-increasing power of tobacco.  看勇敢的人为一种无望的事业而奋斗总令人鼓舞。我心里一直钦佩约翰o欧文先生年复一年地以斯图亚特王朝拥护者的热忱,进行游击战般的战斗,来对抗日益增强的烟草势力。  *Jacobitish系Jacobite的形容词形式,指1688年被迫退位的英王JamesII的拥护者,James II王室即所谓的 House of Stuart(斯图亚特王室)  (14) He slipped out of the State Department and crossed the Potomac to Arlington, Virginia, where the civil ceremony took place.  他偷偷溜出了国务院,渡过波托马克河到弗吉尼亚州的阿林顿县,在那里举行了公民结婚仪式。
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直译加注指直译原文,并附加解释性注释。注释可长可短,既可采用文中注释,也可采用脚注,还可二者合用。例如:  Big Apple 大苹果(纽约的别称)  mad-cow disease 疯牛病(牛海绵状脑病)  Oval Office 椭圆形办公室(美国白宫总统办公室)  Desert Storm 沙漠风暴(1991年美国领导的多国部队对伊拉克实施的军事打击行动)
1)It was Friday *and soon they'd go out and get drunk.  星期五发薪日到了,他们马上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉。  *星期五[Friday]为英国的发薪日。如不解释,译入语读者就不会明白英国人为什么要在这一天上街去大吃大喝。  (2)While it may seem to be painting the lily, I should like to add somewhat to Mr.Alistair Cooke's excellent article.  我想给阿利斯太尔o库克先生的杰作稍加几笔,尽管这也许是为百合花上色,费力不讨好。  *在西方人眼里,百合花是高贵、贞洁、美丽的象征,故为百合花上色自然是做徒劳无益之事。  (3) Even before they were acquainted, he had admired Osborn in secret. Now he was his valet, his dog, his man Friday.  他没有认识奥斯本之前,已经暗暗佩服他。如今便成了他的听差,他的狗,他的忠仆星期五*.  *星期五(Friday)是《鲁滨逊漂流记》故事中Robinson Crusoe的忠实奴仆。  (4)The man who waters his grass after a good rain is carrying coals to Newcastle.  刚下一场及时雨,那人却又为草坪浇水,真是把煤运到纽卡斯尔,多此一举。  *纽卡斯尔:英国煤都。  (5)I am as poor as Job, my lord, but not so patient.  我象约伯一样穷的,大人,可是却没有他那样的好耐心。  *在《圣经》中,约伯以忍耐贫穷著称。  (6) &Oh! Tell us about her. Auntie,& cried imogen. & I can just remember her. She's the skeleton in the family cupboard, isn't she?&  &哦,给我们讲一讲她的事儿吧,好姑姑,&伊莫根嚷嚷道,&我几乎记不得她了,她是咱们家衣橱里的骷髅,丑得见不得人,是吗?&  (7) The May-day dance, for instance, was to be discerned on the afternoon under notice, in the disguise of the club revel, or &club-walking& as it was there called.  譬如现在所讲的那个下午里,就可以看出五朔节舞*旧风以联欢会(或者像本地的叫法-**会)的形式出现。  *五朔节舞:英国风俗,五月一日奏乐吹号,采取树枝、野花、装饰门窗,在草地上竖起五朔柱,围柱跳舞,并选举五朔后。此风古时极盛,现在穷乡僻壤依然可见。  (8) The question she flunked on was: &What is the Constitution of the United States?& The answer she gave was: &A boat.&  她答错的一道题是:&美国宪法*是什么? 她的回答却是&一条船。&  *the Constitution of the United States指美国宪法,但它也是美国历史上著名战舰&宪法号&的英文名字。  (9) 'When we alighted at this door, a dispute arose with the driver of the cabriolet-'. A loud scream from his wife, at the mention of this word, rendered all further explanation inaudible.  &我们在门口下车的时候,跟那单马双轮车*车夫发生了一点争执,&说到单马双轮车的时候,他的妻子发出了一声又高又尖的叫唤,使得下面的解释都听不见了。  *单马双轮车是出租马车里&最没有派头&的,所以说不得。(译文在此采用脚注,解释了为什么一听到cabriolet,他的妻子就会发出一声尖叫。在19世纪的英国,只有地位低贱的人才会坐这种马车。在这儿,丈夫不慎说漏了嘴,爱好虚荣的妻子觉得蒙受了耻辱。)  (10)All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our life-time on the planet.  所有这一切都不会在第一个一百天*内完成, 也不会在第一个一千天内完成,不会在本届政府内完成,甚至也不会在我们这一辈子完成。  *原指美国总统福兰克林o罗斯福执政后推行&新政&的第一个一百天。  (11) At all events the war has done one good thing for us. It's smashed up the power of the aristocracy. The Boer War started it, and 1914 put the lid on.  不管怎样,战争还是为我们做了一件好事,就是把贵族势力一扫而光。布尔战争开始对它有所触动,而1914年的世界大战终于使它荡然无存。  *布尔战争:年英国人与布尔人之间的战争。
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英汉两种语言由于表达方式不尽相同,翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加,使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格,又能符合译入语的表达习惯。但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。增词一般用于以下三种情况:一是为了语法上的需要;二是为了意义上的需要;三是为了修辞上的需要。  一、为了语法上的需要  英语中没有量词,汉译时就得根据汉语的表达习惯增加合适的量词。例如:  (1) To the east and the south a faint pink is spreading.  东南方呈现一抹浅红,正在向远处扩展。  (2) The sun rose thinly from the sea.  一轮红日从海边淡淡升起。  (3) A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river.  一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷,汇到江里去了。  (4) I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.  我真替他万分担忧,但此时此地既不宜教训她一番,也不宜与她争论一通。  (5) It was a nova!  这是一颗新星!  英语动词有时、体的变化、有语气,而汉语动词却没有对等的表现形式,翻译时常常须增加一些表示时体和语气的词才行。例如:  (1) I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.   原来我以为这不过是一种亲热的表示,但是现在看来,这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道,来断定是不是自己生的。  (2) I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release.   我的获释是他成全的,对此我过去很感激,现在仍然很感激。  (3) The old man said, & They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.&  老人说:&听人说,从前他父亲是个打鱼的。他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。&  (4) The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.  原来老头儿已教会了孩子捕鱼,所以孩子很爱他。  (5) English prose is elaborate rather than simple. It was not always so.  现今英国散文华巧而欠简朴,过去却并非总是如此。  英语的可数名词有单复数之别,汉语则没有。翻译时常常有必要增词以便传达这一含义。例如:  (1) The lion is the king of animals.狮子是百兽之王。  (2) I saw bubbles rising from under the water.我看见一个个水泡从水下升起。  (3) The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.连大地都震动了,仿佛万马奔腾,千夫怒吼。  (4) The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山已在山谷里开始投下蔚蓝色的长影。  (5) An individual human existence should be like a river-small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.  一个人的一生可以比作一条河流:开始身躯很小,两岸之间非常狭窄,水流湍急,冲过砾石,飞下悬瀑。  英语中常用省略句,翻译时要根据汉语的表达习惯,作些适当的增补。例如:  (1) I judge I would saw out and leave that night if pap got drunk enough, and I reckoned he would.  我猜那天晚上爸要是醉得够厉害的,我就可以锯完那个洞钻出去,我算计着他是会醉得够呛的。(增补he would后省略的成分)  (2) She ate little. Food sickened her, and I think much of life too.  她吃得很少;她厌恶食物,我觉得她也厌恶生活。  (3) When I turned around, John was grinning, expectant, studying my face intently to see if he had pleased me. He had.  我转过身,只见约翰正咧着嘴笑,满脸期待的神情;他热切的目光想从我的脸上探明他是否博得了我的欢心。他确实博得了我的欢心。(增补he had后被省略的部分)  (4) Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.  勇敢过度,即成蛮勇;疼爱过度,即成溺爱;俭约过度,即成贪婪。(增补被省掉的in excess becomes)
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二、为了意义上的需要  英译汉有时有必要增加合适的动词、形容词或副词,使译文意思明确,例如:  (1) When I came to I was in the water, swimming automatically, though I was about two thirds drowned.  当我清醒过来时,发觉自己在水里,虽然浸得半死,却本能地浮着。(增补动词)(原文虽然没有&发觉&,但译者根据上下文增补了它,使译文意思更加明确、表达通顺。)  (2) He doubtlessly expected hugs, tablefuls of food, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs all over again, without end.  毫无疑问,他以为会有热烈的拥抱,满桌的食物,激动的泪水,欢乐的笑声,一段接一段的谈话,一次又一次的拥抱,没完没了。(译文中增加了三个相应的形容词,形象地描绘出他想象中的欢乐场景,使意思更加明确,表达更加生动。)  (3) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique.  晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后,他还得起草最后公报。  (4) These soon told her,… how easy it was and how little it interfered with life's affairs to go and see one's grave.  这些人不久便告诉她…去看自己亲人的坟墓是多么容易,几乎一点儿也不妨碍日常生活。  (5) The sky is clear blue now the sun has flung diamonds down on meadow and bank and wood.  此时已是万里蓝天,太阳把颗颗光彩夺目的钻石洒向草原,洒向河岸,洒向树林。  有时为了意思明确还必须增加合适的名词或是重复同一名词,例如:  (1) These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient.  这些早期的汽车速度缓慢,行动笨拙,效率不高。(译文中在形容词前分别加上了三个名词,既使译文意思明确,又使它形成四字词组,匀称整齐。)  英语中有一些由动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词,翻译时也可根据上下文在其后增加适当的名词,使译文意思明确、符合汉语的表达习惯。例如:  darkness 漆黑一团  madness 疯狂行为  complacency 自满情绪  backwardness 落后状态  (1) After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco.  一切准备工作就绪以后,飞机就飞越美国去旧金山。  (2) Recourse to arms is not the best solution to a quarrel between countries.  国与国之间的争端诉诸武力,并不是最好的解决方法。  有时也有必要增加适当的连词,例如:  (3)Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected?如果对自己的错误都不认识,怎么能悔恨和改正呢?(增补&如果&使得原含蓄条件句中的隐性含义明白无误。)
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三、为了修辞上的需要  为了使译文优美自如、活泼生动或是得到强调,有时有必要重复某些词语或是增加适当的描述词、语气助词、重叠词、承上启下的词、概括词。例如:  (1) Poor little tender heart! And so it goes on hoping and beating, and longing and trusting.  可怜这温柔的小姑娘,一颗心抖簌簌的跳个不停,她左盼右盼,一直想念情人,对他深信不疑。(译文并没有将&hoping and beating&简单地译为&盼望着、跳动着&,而是增加了一些描述性的词语来描写少女思念情人的心情,使人如见其人、如听其声,产生了一种可触可摸的立体感觉。)  (2) Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.  他们的主人,(又是)割啊,(又是)倒啊,(又是)上菜啊,(又是)切面包啊,(又是)说啊,(又是)笑啊,(又是)敬酒啊,忙个不停。(增加语气助词和概括词语)  (3) Only very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him.  欢迎他的只有几下轻轻地、零零落落、冷冷淡淡的掌声。(叠词)  (4) And her thoughtfulness! If the night was anyway cold or wet or windy there was sure to be a little tumbler of punch ready for him.  她多体贴啊!要是哪天夜里较阴冷、潮湿、或是刮风,她必定要斟好一杯混合甜饮料,等着他来畅饮。(原文And her thoughtfulness!是个感叹句,翻译时增加了副词&多&、语气助词&啊&,准确地传达了原文的句式和语气。)
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一、一些原义并无否定意思的形容词和别的词搭配,有时可译成否定句。 1. These goods are in short supply. 这些货物供应不足。 2. This equation is far from being complicated. 这个方程一定也不复杂。 二、为了使译文自然流畅,读起来顺口,在一些形容词前可根据上下文内容加上副词“很”、“最”等字。 1. It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. 这是我度过最愉快的一天。 2. It is easy to compress a gas. 气体很容易压缩。 三、有时可将英语的“形容词+名词短语”译成汉语的主谓结构。 1. She spoke in a high voice. 她讲话声音很尖。 2. This engine develops a high torque. 这台发动机产生的转矩很大。 四、如果一个名词前有几个形容词修饰,英译时应根据汉语习惯决定其顺序。 1. a large brick conference hall 一个用砖砌的大会议厅 2. a plastic garden chair 一把在花园里用的塑料椅子 五、英语中一些表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词,同连系动词构成复合谓语时,翻译时可将形容词译成动词。 1. You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying. 你完全不懂你在婚姻方面承担的责任。 2. Such criticisms have become familiar in his later commentaries on America. 类似的批评在他后来写的评论美国的文章中屡见不鲜。 3. He is truly sorry for his past, and he has undertaken to give up motorcars entirely and for ever. 他诚恳地忏悔过去,并保证永远不再玩汽车。 六、由于语言习惯不同,英语里的形容词有时译成汉语副词。 1. I am going to be good and sweet and kind to every body. 我要对每一个人都亲切、温顺、和善。 2. He asked me for a full account of myself and family. 他详尽地问起我自己和我家里的情况。 3. Another war will be the absolute end of our country. 再来一次战争将彻底毁灭我们这个国家。 从以上几个方面可以看出,译好形容词是使译文通顺、 流畅的一个环节。
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英译汉Chapter One
词义的选择、引申和褒贬一.
词义的选择(一)
根据词性He likes physics.They are shining like gold.Like knows like.(二) 根据上下文联系He is the last man to do it.He should be the last to blame.He is the last man to come.He is the last person for such a job.二.
词义的引申(一)
将词义做抽象化的引申1.
将表示具体形象的词译成该形象代表的属性Every life has its roses and thorns.每个人的生活有甜有苦。There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of them.他们的性格既残暴,又狡猾。2.
将带有特征性形象的词译成该形象所代表的词see-sawing between partly good and faintly bad时好时坏这两种情况不断地交替出现Their troops goosestepped into power.他们的军队耀武扬威地夺取了政权。(二)
将词义做具体化的引申The car in front of me stopped and I missed the green.我前面的车停下来了,我错过了绿灯。三.
词义的褒贬(一)
英语中有些词本身具有褒贬意义He was a man of high renown.他是位有名望的人。His notoriety didn’t come until his death.他的恶名是他死后才传开的。(二)
中立意义的词在上下文中译出褒贬The politician talked about his hopes and ambitions.我们要求他谈了他的希望和抱负He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.他欺骗了我,使我成了他进行罪恶勾当的工具。练习:Information technology will be at the heart of global economic competition in the 21st century.信息技术将成为21世纪全球经济竞争的中心。The largest American cities are a diverse group, but they share certain problems.美国的大城市形形色色,却有许多共同的问题。The expansion of educational opportunities promoted the American ideal of equal opportunity for all.由于教育不断普及,推动了机遇面前人人平等的美国理想的实现。Race relations in the US continue to be a thorny problem.美国的种族关系一直是棘手的问题。The diverse population presents great challenges to the society, racism and discrimination remain problems.多民族的人口结构也给社会带来一定的问题,种族歧视和偏见依然存在。Both newspapers and magazines are heavily dependent on advertising for financial support.报纸和杂志的经费来源主要是依靠广告收入。Geography has given the US extensive and accessible resources, fertile land, and a beneficial climate.地理位置为美国提供了丰富的可利用资源,肥沃的土地和有利的气候。The percentage of US children living without their father present has ballooned.美国没有父亲的单亲孩子比例激增。The American greeting card and decoration industries encourage the celebration of both religious and secular holidays.美国的节日贺卡和装饰业增添了宗教节日和习俗节日的欢乐气氛。Between 1689 and 1763, Great Britain and France fought a series of wars which involved the North American colonies.1689年至1763年间英法两国连年战争,使北美的欧洲殖民地也卷入其中。The modern American economy has never been completely free from government involvement。现代美国经济从来没有完全脱离过政府的干预。The increase in DINK families has shattered the traditional idea of Chinese family。丁克家庭的增长冲击了传统的中国家庭观念。
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Chapter Two
词类转译一.
转译为动词1.
名词转译为动词Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已用来探索宇宙。2.
含有动词意味的名词转译为动词The sight and sound of our plane filled me with special longing.看到我们的飞机,听到飞机的声音,令我特别神往。3.
英语中以er结尾的名词在句中不指身份和职业,而含有动词意味,译为动词I think my sister is a better singer than I.我认为我姐姐比我唱的好。二.
转译为名词1.
名词派生的动词Formality has always characterized their relationship.他们之间的关系有一个特点就是以礼相待。2.
名词转化的动词This machine is designed to burn up if overused.这个机器,按其设计,如果过度使用就会烧毁。练习:For millions of immigrants, the Statue of Liberty was their first sight of the promising land.数百万移民踏上这片充满希望的土地,第一眼看到的是自由女神像。One thing that often leads people to move is the desire for better climate, more attractive scenery, more agreeable living.导致人们迁居的原因往往是向往宜人的气候,迷人的景色和惬意的生活。The American airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years.过去的20年中,美国的航空运输业迅速发展。The growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people raised social and political issues.财富逐渐集中在少数人手中,引发了许多社会问题和政治问题。Population grew both as a result of natural increase and of continued immigration.人口的增长是自然增长和不断移民的结果。The American economy is organized in single-owner businesses, partnerships and corporations.美国经济的组织方式是个人所有制,合伙制和公司制。
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Chapter Three 分句 合句法一.
分句法(一)
把原句中一个单词译成句子1.
副词They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.他们根本没有答复,这是不足为奇。2.
形容词He talked with understandable pride about his daughter.他在谈到他女儿的时候很自豪,这是可以理解的。3.
名词The inside of each house depended on the personality of its owner.每个房间内怎样的布置,这要看各个使用者的性格了。(二) 把短语翻译成句子1.
名词短语Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭,这是一条普遍公认的规律。2.
介词短语Their power increased with their number.他们人数增加了,力量也随之增加。(三) 把原文中的一个句子拆开, 变成两个句子Another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international relations.如果该地区再次发生战争, 显然会使国际关系处于紧张状态。His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因为他没有遵守安全规则,机器出了故障。
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合句法(一)
把原文中两个或以上的简单句译成一个句子There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from the north.从全国各地来的人中有许多是北方人。(二)
把原文中的主从复合句译成一句When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是处于礼貌。练习:Americans pride themselves on their independence and their right to make up their own minds.美国人有独立的精神,有自主的权利,并为此感到自豪。The popularity of television and the serious problem of piracy have contributed to the decline of movie industry.电视普及,盗版问题严重,导致了电影业的衰落。Hawaii enjoys a mild climate year-round because of the season winds, the temperature varies little from day to night and from summer to winter.由于受季风影响,夏威夷一年四季如春,春夏秋冬,白天黑夜,温差很小。Americans take shorter and fewer vacations than people in most other industrialized countries.与大部分工业化国家相比,美国人休假时间短,休假次数少。The importance of strengthening ties between the US and China will grow even greater with the beginning of a new century.随着新世纪的开始,加强美中关系变得越来越重要。Growing labor shortage in some field will give workers more rights to demand higher wages.某些产业劳动力日益短缺,将使工人更有权利要求较高的工资。New York has become one of the largest and most powerful cities in the western world with a population of more than 8 million.纽约已经成为西方世界最具影响力的大城市之一,目前人口已达800万。Despite its national wealth, poverty and serious income difference exist throughout the US.虽然美国是个富裕的国家,但全国仍然存在着贫穷和严重的收入差别问题。The researchers want to perfect cloning in cows because of the large market for expensive high-quality beef.科研人员希望完善克隆牛技术,因为昂贵的高质牛肉市场庞大。
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Chapter Four 定语从句一.
限制性定从(一)
前置法There will come a day when people of the world live a happy life under the sun of socialism.全世界人民在社会主义阳光下过幸福生活的一天是会到来的。全世界人民在社会主义阳光下过幸福生活的一天是会到来的。(二)
译成并列分句,重复英语先行词They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力,这个理想是每个中国人所珍惜的,在过去,许多中国人曾为此牺牲了自己的生命。He unselfishly contributed his uncommon talents and spirit to this career which today helps him reach his goal.他把自己非凡的才智和精力无私地献给了这项事业,而这项事业今天已使他实现了目标。2.
译成并列分句,省略英语先行词It is he who received the letter that announced the death of his uncle.是他接到那封信,说他的叔叔去世了。(三)
融合法There are many people who want to see the film.许多人要看这部电影。二.
非限制性定语从句(一)
前置法Her laughter, which was very infectious, broke the silence.她的富有感染力的笑声打破了沉默。(二)
译成并列分句(1)
从句后置,重复关系词代表的含义They toured the Forbidden city, where the Chinese emperors had once lived in lofty splendor.他们参观了紫禁城,从前的中国皇帝曾在那里过着奢华显赫的生活。(2)
从句后置,省略关系词代表的含义After dinner, they resumed their talk, which continued well into the night.饭后,他们继续会谈,直到深夜。(3)
从句前置,重复关系词代表的含义This war, however, more complex than the last one, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.上一次战争是帝国主义列强之间争夺市场,资源和领土的冲突,而这次战争却比上一次复杂。2.
译成独立句He had talked to the president, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.他和总统谈过话,总统向他保证,凡是能作到的都将去做。
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这么好的贴,沙发,谢谢lz
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广告宣传推广
政治敏感、违法虚假信息
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附件异常、链接失效
谢谢你,受教了。
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附件异常、链接失效
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