dsm5 神经儿童神经功能发育障碍碍 怎么办

应激障碍诊断在DSM-5中的变化
(作者声明:本文谨供精神卫生专业人员学习时参考。因时间仓促、水平有限,错漏之处,请不吝斧正。——)
[前几个月访问哈佛大学期间数次路过该书店,看到DSM-V,觉得又贵又重不方便带回来,没买。现在,有些后悔]
日,风声已久的第五版《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》(DSM-V)终于在美国精神病学会(American
Psychiatric Association ,
APA)年会上发布了!该手册对诊断精神疾病的标准参考指南进行了全面更新,指出其适用对象不仅包括精神科医师,也包括非精神科医师,旨在提高其对精神疾病的评估水平、减少漏诊。
APA从1999年起进行了一系列关于DSM-5的研究,2010年起草了大致的诊断标准之后,于同年4月开始在诸多机构中进行检验,对所得到的数据进行分析与处理。基于临床实践和研究,DSM-5在诊断标准方面也发生了一些重大的改变。
因DSM-V的中文版尚未面世,在平日的督导、培训中,看到很多国内的同道对DSM-V较前一版的变化抱有浓厚兴趣。今天终于能腾出一点时间,就我略知一二的部分内容综合一些专业网站上的信息和手中的Desk
Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria From
DSM-5,做一归纳、介绍。本文介绍应激障碍(Stress
Disorder)诊断标准的变化。
一、分类的变化
1、背景:DSM-5将DSM-4-TR(APA,2000)的“焦虑障碍”拆分、重组为焦虑障碍、强迫障碍与创伤和应激相关障碍三章&。DSM-5的“焦虑障碍”一章不再包括强迫症(归入强迫障碍和相关障碍章节中)、创伤后应激障碍、急性应激障碍(归入创伤和应激相关障碍中)。
2、内情:“创伤和应激相关障碍”一章不仅包括DSM-IV-TR中“焦虑障碍”一章中的急性应激障碍、创伤后应激障碍以及DSM-IV-TR的“适应障碍”一章中的适应障碍,还列入了新的诊断——反应性依恋障碍、去抑制型社交障碍等。具体如下:
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
(创伤和应激相关的障碍)
  313.89 (F94.1) Reactive Attachment Disorder(反应性依恋障碍)
  313.89 (F94.2) Disinhibited Social Engagement
Disorder去抑制型社交障碍
  309.81 (F43.10) Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder创伤后应激障碍(包括童年和少年期创伤后应激障碍)
  308.3 (F43.0) Acute Stress Disorder急性应激障碍
/ Adjustment Disorders适应障碍
  309.89 (F43.8) Other Specified Trauma- and Stressor-Related
Disorder其他特定性创伤和应激相关障碍
  309.9 (F43.9) Unspecified Trauma- and Stressor-Related
Disorder未特定的创伤和应激相关障碍
二、诊断标准变化要点
1、急性应激障碍在&DSM-5中,应激源标准(A项诊断标准)要求患者清楚直接经历的、目击的、间接体验的创伤性事件,删除了A项第2条的标准(主观体验标准)。急性创伤后的反应具有异质性,只要个体符合闯入、负性心境、解离、回避、高唤起这五类14条症状中的任意9条,就可诊断为急性应激障碍。
2、创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)在&DSM-5中的应激源标准也要求患者清楚体验到创伤性事件,同时也删除了A2标准。PTSD的症状群由原来的3个增加为4个,即再体验、高唤起、回避、认知与心境持续地负性改变。
3、以PTSD为例摘要说明这些变化
PTSD的诊断标准在DSM-4-TR中为A-F(6项),在DSM-5中增加为A-H(8项)。
在DSM-IV-TR的基础上的主要变化:
1)PTSD的症状群由原来的三个,增加到四个。增加的negative alterations in
cognitions and mood (认知与心境持续的负性改变)成为Criterion D,原来的D(Persistent
symptoms of increased arousal)变为现在的E(alterations in arousal and
reactivity)。
2)删除了标准A的第2条(主观体验标准),即&“患者有强烈的害怕、无助或恐惧反应(注:如是儿童,则代之表现为行为紊乱或激越)。”(The
person’s response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror.
Note: In children, this may be expressed instead by disorganized or
agitated behavior.)
3)增加了“伴解离症状”的临床亚型(The dissociative subtype)。
4)独立了6岁及以下年纪儿童的诊断标准(preschool subtype)。
5)增加了排除标准H。
6)诊断PTSD需至少符合项目中条目数量发生变化,原为A(=2)、B(≥1)、C(≥3)、D(≥2),现为:A(≥1)、B(≥1)、C(≥1)、D(≥2)、E(≥2)。
三、DSM-4-TR vs
DSM-5,PTSD诊断的逐项对比
&&&&说明:因DSM-5中原文字数较多,目前没有可COPY的电子版,没时间打那么多字,以下对照表中DSM-5部分主要引用了美国的摘要,并依据Desk
Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria From
DSM-5对诊断标准中的Note,G,H等项进行了逐字的重新录入。
Criteria for PTSD
The person
has been exposed to a traumatic event in which
both of the following were
(1) The person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an
event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious
injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or
(2) The person’s response involved intense fear, helplessness, or
horror. Note: In children, this may be expressed instead by
disorganized or agitated behavior.
DSM-5 Criteria for PTSD (摘要)
Note: The following criteria apply to adults,
adolescents, and children older than 6
years. For children 6 years and younger, see
corresponding criteria below.
A: (stressor,应激源)The
person was exposed to: death, threatened death, actual or
threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence,
as follows: (1 required)
1.&Direct exposure.
2.&Witnessing, in person.
3.&Indirectly, by learning that a close relative
or close friend was exposed to trauma. If the event involved actual
or threatened death, it must have been violent or accidental.
4.&Repeated or extreme indirect exposure to
aversive details of the event(s), usually in the course of
professional duties (e.g., first responders, c
professionals repeatedly exposed to details of child abuse). This
does not include indirect non-professional exposure through
electronic media, television, movies, or
B.(再体验)
The traumatic event is persistently
reexperienced in one (or more) of the
following ways:
(1) Recurrent and intrusive distressing recollections of the event,
including images, thoughts, or perceptions. Note: In young
children, repetitive play may occur in which themes or aspects of
the trauma are expressed.
(2) Recurrent distressing dreams of the event. Note: In children,
there may be frightening dreams without recognizable content.
(3) Acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring
(includes a sense of rel illusions,
hallucinations, and dissociative flashback episodes, including
those that occur on awakening or when intoxicated). Note: In young
children, trauma-specific reenactment may occur.
(4) Intense psychological distress at exposure to internal or
external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic
(5) Physiological reactivity on exposure to internal or external
cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic
B: (re-experienced
symptoms,再体验)
The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced in the following
way(s): (1 required)
<font COLOR="#.&Recurrent, involuntary,
and intrusive memories. Note: Children older than 6 may express
this symptom in repetitive play.
<font COLOR="#.&Traumatic nightmares.
Note: Children may have frightening dreams without content related
to the trauma(s).
<font COLOR="#.&Dissociative reactions
(e.g., flashbacks) which may occur on a continuum from brief
episodes to complete loss of consciousness. Note: Children may
reenact the event in play.
<font COLOR="#.&Intense or prolonged
distress after exposure to traumatic reminders.
<font COLOR="#.&Marked physiologic
reactivity after exposure to trauma-related stimuli.
C. (回避)
Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the
trauma and numbing of general responsiveness (not present
before the trauma), as indicated by three (or
more) of the following:
(1) Efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations
associated with the trauma
(2) Efforts to avoid activities, places, or people that arouse
recollections of the trauma
(3) Inability to recall an important aspect of the trauma
(4) Markedly diminished interest or participation in significant
activities
(5) Feeling of detachment or estrangement from others
(6) Restricted range of affect (e.g., unable to have loving
(7) Sense of a foreshortened future (e.g., does not expect to have
a career, marriage, children, or a normal lifespan)
Criterion C:
(avoidance,回避)
Persistent effortful avoidance of
distressing trauma-related stimuli after the event: (1
1.&Trauma-related thoughts
or feelings.
2.&Trauma-related external
reminders (e.g., people, places, conversations, activities,
objects, or situations).
Criterion D: (negative alterations
in cognitions and mood,认知和心境的负性改变)Negative
alterations in cognitions and mood that began or worsened after the
traumatic event: (2
required)1.&Inability to recall key
features of the traumatic event (usually
due to head injury, alcohol or drugs).
2.&Persistent (and often distorted) negative
beliefs and expectations about oneself or the world (e.g., "I am
bad," "The world is completely dangerous.").
3.&Persistent distorted blame of self or others
for causing the traumatic event or for resulting
consequences.
4.&Persistent negative trauma-related emotions
(e.g., fear, horror, anger, guilt or shame).
5.&Markedly diminished interest in (pre-traumatic)
significant activities.
6.&Feeling alienated from others (e.g., detachment
or estrangement).
7.&Constricted affect: persistent inability to
experience positive emotions.
D. (高唤起)
Persistent symptoms of increased arousal (not
present before the trauma), as indicated by two (or
more) of the following:
(1) Difficulty falling or staying asleep
(2) Irritability or outbursts of anger
(3) Difficulty concentrating
(4) Hypervigilance
(5) Exaggerated startle response
Criterion E:
(alterations in arousal and
reactivity,唤起与反应的改变)
Trauma-related alterations in arousal and
reactivity that began or worsened after the traumatic event:
required)1.&Irritable or aggressive
2.&Self-destructive or reckless behavior.
3.&Hypervigilance.
4.&Exaggerated startle response.
5.&Problems in concentration.
6.&Sleep disturbance.
E.(病程)
Duration of the disturbance (symptoms in
Criteria B, C, and D) is more than 1 month.
F.(功能意义)&
The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or
impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of
functioning.
Criterion F:
(duration,病程)
Persistence of symptoms (in Criteria B, C, D and E) for more than
one month.
Criterion G: (functional
significance,功能意义)
The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or
impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of
functioning.
Criterion H:
(exclusion,排除)
The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of
a substance (e.g., medication, alcohol) or other medical
condition.
参考文献:
1. Desk Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria From DSM-5.
2. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
fifth edition (DSM-V). APA.2013
3. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. American Psychiatric
Publishing. American Psychiatric Association.
4. DSM-5的变化要点. 临床精神医学杂志. 医脉通,
5. 郭延庆.从DSM-4-TR到DSM-5: 新变化概览.时一憨的博客
已投稿到:
以上网友发言只代表其个人观点,不代表新浪网的观点或立场。DSM-5:智力障碍,精神障碍(转载)
发布时间:&&&来源:&&&
智力障碍-四川大学华西第二医院小儿科肖侠明智力障碍(智力发育障碍)是在发育阶段发生的障碍。包括:智力和适应功能两个方面的缺陷。诊断标准:标准化智力测验,有智力功能缺陷,如:推理、问题解决、计划、抽象思维、判断、专业学习和从经验中学习。有适应功能的缺陷。轻度智力障碍:有读写、计算、数据或金钱的缺陷、不成熟,不能自我照料。中度智力障碍:有技能显著落后,&社交和交流显著不同,需要长时间的教育。重度智力障碍:不能理解书面语言或涉及数字、数量、时间和金钱的概念。日常生活需要支持。极重度智力障碍:有损伤、阻碍、社交、身体障碍,照顾依赖他人。交流障碍-语言障碍:有语言综合理解缺陷,有长期各种形式语言的持续困难(即,说、写、手语或其他)语音生成困难,有言语不流利、停顿、&紊乱。社交(语用)交流障碍:有社交口语、非口语交流的持续困难。孤独症谱系障碍:有社交交流&、社交互动的持续缺陷,有重复的行为模式。特定的学习障碍:有学习专业技能困难,不能准确读字&,难以理解阅读意思。拼写困难、书面表达困难。精神分裂症样障碍:存在两项下列症状一个月中:1.妄想&2.幻觉&3.言语紊乱&4.阴性症状。双相I型障碍:诊断标准:持续1周大部分时间里,有明显持续性的高涨,活动增多或精力旺盛2.&心境障碍:1.&自尊心&2.睡眠减少&3.健谈&4.思维奔逸&5.随境转移&6.活动增多&7过度的参与活动抑郁发作:&2周内出现5个症状:1.心境抑制&2.兴趣或愉悦感减少&3.食欲减退或增加&4.失眠&5.精神运动迟滞&6.疲劳&7.内疚双相II型障碍:有过去的轻躁狂发,目前和过去的重度抑郁发作的诊断标准。抑郁障碍:有严重的脾气反复爆发,脾气爆发平均每周3次或3次以上,出现年龄在10岁前。有过度的害怕或焦虑,产生反复的、过度的痛苦,担心失去依恋对象。有害怕、焦虑、回避,儿童和青少年至少持续4周。惊恐障碍:反复出现不可预期的惊恐发作。突然发生心慌、心率加快、出汗、发抖、气短、胸部不适、感觉异常。强迫症:具有强迫思维、强迫行为、或两者皆有。重复行为和精神活动。
温馨提示:以上资料仅供参考,具体情况请免费咨询在线专家&
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1.儿童语言障碍的评价与诊断
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注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD):DSM-5 诊断标(转载)
注意缺陷多动障碍():患病率5%,估计全国有患儿2&000万。起病于12岁前(多在3岁左右);男孩多于女孩(4~8:1),男孩更多地有多动和攻击行为,女孩多表现为注意力缺陷(ADD)。(1)&DSM-5&诊断标准:1.&&注意障碍:6项或更多以下症状,持续至少6个月,且这些症状到了与发育水平不相称的程度,并直接对社会和学业/职业造成了负面的影响。a.&经常不能关注细节,在学习、工作或其他活动中难以在细节上集中注意或犯粗心大意的错误(例如忽视或遗漏细节,工作不精确)b.&在任务或游戏中,经常难以维持注意力(例如,在听课,对话或长时间的阅读中难以维持注意力)c.&当别人对其直接讲话时,经常看起来没有在听(例如,即使在没有任何干扰的情况下,看起来也是心不在焉的听)d.&经常不遵指示导致无法完成作业、家务及工作中的职责(例如,可以开始任务,但是很快就失去注意力,容易分神)e.&经常难以组织任务活动(例如,难以管理有条理的任务,难以把材料或物品放得整整齐齐,凌乱,工作没有头绪,不良的时间管理,不能遵守截止日期)f.&经常回避,厌恶或不情愿从事那些需要精神上持续努力的任务(例如,学校作业或家庭作业,对于年龄较大的青少年和成人,则为准备报告,完成表格或阅读冗长的文章)g.&经常丢失任务或活动所需的物品(例如,例如学校的资料,文具用品,钥匙,钱包,手机,文件,眼镜等)h.&经常容易被外界刺激分神(对于年龄较大的青少年和成人,可能包括不相关的想法)i.&经常在日常活动中忘记事情(例如,做家务,外出办事,对于年龄较大的青少年或成人,则为回电话,付账单,约会等)2&&多动与冲动:6项或更多以下症状,持续至少6个月,且这些症状到了与发育水平不相称的程度,并直接对社会和学业/职业造成了负面的影响。这些仅仅是对立行为,违抗,敌意的表现,或不能理解任务指令,对于17岁以上的青少年和成人,则需要满足以下5项a.&经常手和脚动个不停或在座位上扭动。b.&经常在应该坐着的时候离开座位。c.&经常在不适宜的场合中跑来跑去、爬上爬下(在青少年或成人只是有坐立不安的主观感受)。d.&经常很难安静地参加游戏或课余活动。e.&经常“忙个不停”,尤如被马达驱动一样。f.&经常讲话过多、喋喋不休。g.&经常在提问还未讲完之前就把答案脱口而出(如接别人的话,不能等待交谈顺序)h.&经常难以耐心等候(例如,当排队等待时)i.&经常打断或侵扰他人(例如,插入别人的对话/游戏或活动;未经他人允许使用他人东西;对于青少年或成人,可能是侵扰或接管他人正在做的事情)DSM-V的改变对临床的意义:&症状出现的年龄放宽到12岁,减少漏诊,增加诊疗机会。从亚型改成说明主要症状表现,降低了型别之间的差异性和局限性,同一患者可在不同时期以不同的方式表达。&患者常有情绪和行为调控问题,破坏性情绪失调障碍等的诊断可使患者的情绪问题得到重视和合适诊治。更重视对共患病的识别,共病的诊断更多见。&特别提出成人的诊断标准,使对成人的诊断和治疗得到重视。明确成人的诊断标准,强调是一个起病于儿童期并可以持续至成年期的障碍,只是成年期的表现有所变化。大多的症状会持续到青春期(70%),乃至成年期&(30%),对患者的学业、职业和社会生活等方面产生广泛、终生的消极影响。因此,对的干预不能局限于儿童期,应超越儿童期并立足于长期、系统地干预。是一种可能罹患终生的慢性神经发育性精神障碍,需要制定一个长期的治疗计划,而不是仅仅考虑短期的、需要快速起效的干预措施。
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