什么情况下要做惠普尔下巴整形手术多少钱

乔布斯为什么最初不愿接受外科手术治疗癌症?
如果手术进行的早,有可能救乔布斯一命。
按时间排序
信仰问题。
。。。。话说手术又不是说做,就做的。需要一个专家组检查病原,制定手术方案,而且病人的体力也需要恢复到可以做手术的程度,不然手术做一半挂了,一个伟人死在你手术台上,这黑锅一辈子都甩不掉
现在回首看到自己写的文章还博有一些专业,我真的要感谢曾经那个努力的自己更要感谢网友们的转载。
平心讨论一下,莫喷!乔布斯的治疗过程:2003年10月,查出肿瘤.2004年8月,手术,切除肿瘤.没有化疗,放疗.2006年复发,乔布斯只告诉了迪士尼ceo2009年4月,肝脏已经转移多处肿瘤,肝脏移植手术.我不明白的几点:1.癌症从形成到能检查出来,需要好几年的时间.难道2003年不做手术,9个月后的2004年做手术, 就马上扩散啦?2.很多人说,乔布斯2003年查出癌症时,是极早期(不知道这些人是怎么知道是极早期的,还这么肯定),现在最先进的癌症监测仪器,也只能做到0.2毫米以上.而新闻上说乔布斯做的是cat扫描,只能精确到0.8毫米.既然最先进的仪器直径监测到0.2毫米以上的病灶,而一个癌细胞很小很小的,那么就是说即使扩散了,也监测不到.
也许 他是觉得自己来到这个世界的使命已经完成。多活一天少活一天已经无所谓了。
那就不是乔布斯了,乔布斯50年的寿命足以深度改变世界,足够了
他不想让别人打开他的身体
现实扭曲力场把他自己扭曲了,当然这方面他是犯了一个严重而且不可挽回的错误。不过鉴于他的人品之差,我只能说是善恶有报,天道轮回吧。
全世界得这种胰腺癌的人太少,因此研究也少,即使现在,所谓“如果手术进行的早,有可能救乔布斯一命”和“如果手术进行的晚,有可能救乔布斯一命”,在医学上,也是等价的。因为没有任何数据证明早做手术好处大于坏处。
乔布斯好像患的是胰腺癌吧?胰腺癌是消化道癌,我个人觉得是癌中之王…胰腺癌的手术预后五年生存期好像不超过7%,手术是目前治愈癌症最好的办法,算起来乔布斯从患癌到去世远远超过5年。个人觉得,以他的资源应该是采取了在“实验”中的治疗方法,正好又对他有效,从数据统计上来说,他赚啦
都是被你们果粉害的,搞到他真以为自己是神了。
乔布斯患的是相对容易治愈的神经内分泌细胞癌,发现得又早,依他条件应该有很大的希望,但他的自信耽误了病情。若不是那么任性,乔布斯也成不了乔布斯呀。
转自:野薄荷
来源于quora
野薄荷的自带智能翻译比较一般,勉强可读,有英语好的可以细细看,这个答案目前是我看到的最可能的,不敢说真实,但是分析的很到位。里边I hesitated a long time before addressing this topic, but now that someone asked me to, I'll just do it. To avoid any risks of bias, let me start by stating that all the details on Jobs' specific case are based on secondary sources, albeit from reliable sources in the media. I write this on a personal title, I do not pretend to know anything about the case on a personal level and I never participated in the care of Mr. Jobs. I base all my cancer figures on sources from biomedical research known to me.我犹豫了好长时间才解决这个问题,但是现在有人问我,我会做的。为了避免任何风险的偏见,让我开始说,对工作的具体案例的所有细节都是基于二手资料,虽然从媒体中的可靠的消息来源。我写这一个人的标题,我假装不知道在个人层面上,关于什么情况下,我从来没有参与乔布斯的护理。我基地我所有的癌症数据从生物医学研究我知道来源。I respect the privacy of, and in no way wish to offend, anyone mourning his passing. I have the profoundest respect for Mr. Jobs and his legacy but I feel that in the spirit of his progressive view of the world, learning from his case is an appropriate way to look back on the facts concerning his life and legacy.我隐私的尊重,而不是想冒犯任何人,哀悼他的传球。我对乔布斯和他的遗产的最尊重,但我觉得在他进步的世界观的精神,从他的案例学习的回顾关于他的生活和遗产的事实,一个适当的方式。I have done 1.5 years of research on the type of tumor that affected Steve Jobs as a medical student in Amsterdam and have some strong opinions on his case, not only as an admirer of his work, but also as a cancer researcher who has the impression that his disease course has been far from optimal.我已经做了1.5年的对肿瘤影响史蒂夫·乔布斯在阿姆斯特丹学医和类型研究对他有一些强烈的意见,不仅是他作品的一个崇拜者,但也为癌症研究人员,有这样的印象,他的病已远远最优。Let me cut to the chase: Mr. Jobs allegedly chose to undergo all sorts of alternative treatment options before opting for conventional medicine.让我开门见山:乔布斯据称选择接受各种各样的替代治疗方案在选择传统医学。This was, of course, a freedom he had all the rights to take, but given the circumstances it seems sound to assume that Mr. Jobs' choice for alternative medicine could have led to an unnecessarily early death.这是,当然,一个自由的他有权采取,但在这种情况下,它似乎是合理的假设,乔布斯选择替代医学可以LED不必要地早死。Again, please understand that I have no knowledge of the specific case, I'm just trying to give insights on his a priori odds of cure. These are independent of his case and mere indicators that somehow his case turned for the worse when it statistically was improbable. What made this happen will remain in the domain of speculations. We're here to see if his therapeutic choices are possibly what made this happen.再次,请你明白,我不了解具体情况,我只是想给他的先验机率治愈的见解。这些都是独立的情况下,他只是指标,不知何故,他的情况变得更糟,当它统计是不可能的。这是什么会发生在投机领域。我们来看看他的治疗的选择可能是什么让这一切发生。First, let me clarify a few things about his disease:首先,让我澄清几件事情对他的病:Neuroendocrine tumors are far less deadly than "ordinary" pancreatic cancer.神经内分泌肿瘤更少致命的比“普通”的胰腺癌。The big confusion in the media is that Jobs had pancreatic cancer. Though his tumor might have originated in his pancreas, we're not speaking of the dreaded pancreatic adenocarcinoma that has such a horrible prognosis and makes up for 95% of pancreatic tumors.在媒体大混乱的是,乔布斯患有胰腺癌。虽然他的肿瘤可能起源于他的胰腺,我们不是说的可怕的胰腺癌,有这样一个可怕的预后,弥补了95%的胰腺肿瘤。Jobs is cited to have said himself that he had an islet-cell tumor, which is a colloquially used, less accurate name for the other 5% of pancreatic tumors, so-called neuroendocrine tumors.工作是引用有说他有一个胰岛细胞瘤,这是一个通俗的使用,对胰腺肿瘤的其他5%不准确的名称,所谓的神经内分泌肿瘤。Neuroendocrine tumors are relatively mild forms of cancer.神经内分泌肿瘤是相对温和的形式的癌症。Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP-NET's) are a range of tumors that mostly keep their original function, producing endocrine hormones.胃肠胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤(GEP-NET的)是一个肿瘤的范围,主要是保持其原有的功能,产生内分泌激素。The disadvantage of that is the havoc they wreak on the body due to all sorts of hormonal imbalances caused by the hormones they produce. On the other hand, the level of differentiation is a strong indicator of how aggressive a tumor is: the better a tumor is differentiated e.g. keeps the features of its originator, the least invasive and prone to metastasis it is.缺点是破坏他们对由于各种荷尔蒙失衡,它们所产生的荷尔蒙引起的身体。另一方面,水平的分化是一个强大的肿瘤是如何积极的指标:更好的肿瘤分化例如保持其发端的特点,最少的侵入性和易发生转移是。Just to illustrate how mild these tumors can be:为了说明这些肿瘤可以轻:As many as 10% of autopsied persons in the general population have been reported to have one of these without ever having had any symptoms during their life.在总人口中的10%为解剖的人,许多已报告有一个没有在他们的生活中有任何症状。Up to 30% of detected GEP-NETs are so well differentiated they're strictly not cancers. I have even come across an article where insulinomas, the most common type of GEP-NETs were benign in 90% of the cases.到检测GEP-NETs 30%是很好区分他们严格不是癌症。我甚至看到一篇文章,胰岛素,在90%的情况下,GEP NETs的最常见的类型是良性的。If treated appropriately and in time, most people won't die from the cancer itself. In my series of patients, for many subtypes, the survival rate was as high as 100% over a decade.如果及时适当治疗,大多数人不会死于癌症本身。在我的系列患者,许多亚型,其存活率超过十年的100%为高。Neuroendocrine tumors caught in time can be treated just by surgically removing the tumor.神经内分泌肿瘤被时间刚好可以通过外科手术切除肿瘤的治疗。This is a relatively low-risk treatment that -- especially compared to chemo and radiation -- has negligible disadvantages. In many cases, a simple enucleation (just cutting out the tumor with a safe margin around it) is enough and leaves no residual side-effects.这是一个相对低风险的治疗——尤其是比较化疗和辐射——有微不足道的缺点。在许多情况下,一个简单的摘除术(只是切断肿瘤周围有安全边际)是足够的,没有留下残余的副作用。Now, about this specific case:现在,关于这个具体案例:Jobs had many favorable factors that indicate an early surgical treatment could have been curative.工作有许多有利因素,表明早期手术治疗可以治愈。Mr. Jobs said himself that they caught the tumor early. Early in GEP-NETs means in many cases that surgically removing the primary tumor without additional removal of organs is a curative with a low chance or recurrence.乔布斯说自己,他们抓住了肿瘤早期。在许多情况下,手术切除原发肿瘤的器官没有额外的切除是治疗与低的机会或复发的早期方法GEP网。The tumor was located at a relatively clement site, the pancreas.肿瘤位于胰腺相对温和的网站。The tumor was allegedly an insulinoma, one of the best treatable subtypes of GEP-NETs.肿瘤被一个胰岛素瘤,一对GEP-NETs的最佳治疗的亚型。The tumor was probably well-differentiated. Mr. Jobs spoke of a hormonal imbalance, this points to a tumor that keeps its endocrine function, which is an general indicator of good differentiation. Well differentiated tumors are less prone to metastasize and grow rapidly.肿瘤可能是分化良好的。乔布斯说,荷尔蒙分泌失调,这指出了一个肿瘤,保持其内分泌功能,具有良好的分化的一个通用指标。分化良好的肿瘤不易转移和快速增长。See table below for a comprehensive illustration of the numbers I'm referring to, I chose an article from The Annals of Oncology as a source as it's one of the few papers freely accessible for everyone interested to read the full article: 见下表的一个全面的说明数字,我指的是,我选择了一条从肿瘤学年鉴的一个来源是它的一个自由感兴趣的人阅读全文的几篇论文: (这里有图,知乎传不上来,抱歉了)... but not treating the most innocent cancer can still cause it to go seriously bad.…但是不治疗最无辜的癌症仍然能严重。I'm currently reviewing hundreds of colon cancer cases, and about 25% of them start with a patient that comes with a history of polyps. Polyps are small benign little growths in the lining of the intestine. They are absolutely harmless at first, yet slowly but surely, over years, they lose more and more of the above mentioned "differentiation" and some eventually turn to a malign colon cancer.我现在对结肠癌病例数以百计,其中约25%从一个病人有肠息肉史。息肉是在肠李宁小的良性小肿瘤。他们首先绝对无害,但慢慢的,多年来,他们越来越失去上述“分化”和一些最终变成一个恶性结肠癌。In fact, it is supposed that all colon cancers start as a polyp.事实上,我们假设所有的结肠癌开始为息肉。These 25% had polyps removed, but were unlucky enough that between two colonoscopies, some other polyp found the time to grow into a real cancer. That's also why screening -- and going there on time -- is so important.25%例切除息肉,但不幸的是足够的,在两个结肠镜检查,其他一些息肉找到时间来成长为一个真正的癌症。这也是为什么筛选——和时间去那里——是非常重要的。This illustrates also why leaving even the most innocent malign tumor to grow is just a foolish thing to do -- a ticking time bomb.这说明了为什么就连最无辜的恶性肿瘤的生长是一个愚蠢的事——一个定时炸弹。Jobs was a hippie back in the day, and a conventional medicine skeptic now. His reaction to the disease gave the disease time to spread.工作是一个嬉皮士,早在一天,和传统医学的怀疑论者现在。他对疾病的反应了疾病的传播时间。Many mainstream media, including CNN, stated that Mr. Jobs might have spent as long as two years without proper (conventional) treatment.许多主流媒体,包括美国有线电视新闻网,表示,乔布斯可能已经花了两年时间没有适当的治疗(常规)。While Mr. Jobs was trying all sorts of alternative mumbo-jumbo I won't even bother to go through as their failure is now sadly irrefutably proven, his tumor grew, and grew, and grew...当乔布斯尝试各种替代的繁文缛节,我甚至不会去为自己的失败不幸已经无可争辩地证明,他的肿瘤生长,成长,长大…… and then it somehow grew beyond control.……然后却无法控制。Jobs waited so long before seeking normal treatment that he had to undergo a Whipple procedure, losing his pancreas and whole duodenum in 2004. This was the first alarming sign that his disease had progressed beyond a compact primary to at least a tumor so large his Pancreas and duodenum could not be saved.工作这么长时间的等待,寻求正规治疗,他接受了惠普尔的程序之前,在胰腺和十二指肠2004失去了整个。这是第一个令人担忧的迹象,他的病已超越一个紧凑的主至少他的胰腺和十二指肠肿瘤太大无法保存。Jobs seemingly waited long enough for the disease revealed to have spread extensively to his liver. The only reason he'd have a transplant after a GEP-NET would be that the tumor invaded all major parts of the liver, which takes a considerable amount of time. Years, in most neuroendocrine tumors. It could be that this happened before his diagnosis, but the risk grows exponentially with time.工作似乎等了很久的病发现已经广泛传播到肝脏。他经过GEP-NET可能是肿瘤浸润的肝移植的所有主要部件有一个唯一的原因,这需要相当长的时间。年,在大多数神经内分泌肿瘤。这可能是因为这个发生在他的诊断,但风险随时间呈指数增长。We then saw the tumor slowly draining the life out him. It was a horrible thing to see him lose weight and slowly turn into a skin and bones form of himself.然后我们看到肿瘤慢慢吸干了他。这是一个可怕的看他减肥,慢慢的变成一个皮肤和骨骼形成自己。Yet it seems that even during this recurrent phase, Mr. Jobs opted to dedicate his time to Apple as the disease progressed, instead of opting for chemotherapy or any other conventional treatment.然而,似乎连这复发阶段期间,乔布斯先生选择了奉献出自己的时间以苹果为疾病的进展,而不是选择化疗或任何其他常规治疗。As for the "why?" question:对于“为什么?”问题:Every patient has another view of his or her disease and the priorities for the treatment, or how much suffering and risk they're ready to endure as a trade-off for a higher chance of getting cured.每个病人都有他或她的治疗疾病和优先考虑的另一个视图,或多少痛苦和风险,他们准备为一个更高的机会获得治愈的权衡,忍受。For most people, the trust in their doctor's intention to treat them is near-absolute. We encourage patients to inform themselves on the subject and stimulate personal choices, but the extent to which people can go through all the technicalities and the enormous pile of medical evidence is limited not only by the level of understanding of this specialist knowledge, but also simply by the sheer time it takes to inform oneself about this.对大多数人来说,在他们的医生的意图的信任来对待他们是绝对。我们鼓励患者告知自己的主题,激发个人的选择,但在何种程度上人们可以通过所有的技术和医学证据的巨大的桩有限公司不仅通过本专业知识的理解水平,但也只是纯粹的时间通知自己这。Now Mr. Jobs always was a free thinker, a strong believer in spirituality, a vegetarian and a known skeptic of conventional medicine. He chose to reject conventional medicine altogether for a while. He's not alone in that. We come across many people like this and we all know someone in our midst that uses homeopathy or has this known fear of anything "chemical" (to those I always say that everything is chemical, if you think dihydrogen oxide sounds scary you should stop drinking water). Individual freedom of thought and choice is a cornerstone of our modern society and the medical world makes no exception.现在乔布斯一直是一个自由的思想者,灵性的拥护者,素食主义者和一个已知的怀疑论者的传统医学。他选择了拒绝传统医学共一会儿。他不是一个人在那。我们遇到过许多这样的人,我们都知道我们中有人使用顺势疗法或已知事物的恐惧的“化学”(那些我总是说一切都是化学的,如果你认为氧化二氢听起来可怕,你应该停止饮用水)。思想和个人自由选择的一个基石,我们现代社会和医学界也不例外。It's always an ethical puzzle if a patient chooses alternative treatment that we know from fact will not work. Yet, as long as the person is mentally sane, we cannot force them to choose a working treatment, even if it means their death. Sadly, even for one of the greatest personalities of the last 100 years, there will be no exception, and badly treated cancer is just as deadly for him as for anyone else...它始终是一个伦理困惑如果患者选择替代治疗,我们从事实不会工作。然而,只要这个人是清醒的头脑,我们不能强迫他们选择一个工作处理,即使这意味着他们的死亡。不幸的是,即使对于一个在过去100年中最伟大的人物,也不例外,和严重的治疗癌症是致命的他为其他人…
刚刚看到《绝命毒师》第一季第5集,从28:30左右开始长达10分钟的讨论。很真实的表现出了癌症患者的心理挣扎与家庭朋友不同立场间的交锋!也许,乔帮主也是这种想法。
敬畏疾病,人类对疾病的认识还很局限,现在所谓的“规范”“正规”“科学”也许到了明天就是一个“伪真理”,请不要将疾病标签化。
别忘了:。
上英语听力课的时候恰好看了乔布斯的演讲,他说他自己已经确认是极少数能够治疗得好的一种特殊癌症。他在讲话中也说了会接受治疗,这个视频是他在美国大学演讲的。至于为什么不治疗有一个说法是当时做这手术需要排队,医生不愿意因为他的身份而让他优先。后来苹果公司提出要帮他出钱找关系优先,但他自己也赞同了医生的观点所以一直延迟到最后。这个说法也是我比较赞同的,毕竟像他这种人一旦决定下来就很难改变了(坚持自己)
我也不愿意。
要不然你哪来的特立独行的iPhone用
quora上有个答案
可能跟某些男的一样,在不知不觉中让感情走到了尽头,理(女)论(人)上(心)说(里)有挽救得办法,但实际没谱,以为另辟蹊径是可行得
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为什么外科手术前要做艾滋检测
  手术前艾滋病检查是俗称的“术前四项检查”之一,目的以确诊患者是否患有或感染了这种病。但许多病人或家属往往难以理解,我是来做手术的,为什么要给我做艾滋病检测呢?这里就向大家解释一下。
为什么外科手术前要做艾滋检测
  按照医疗管理制度,感染病毒的患者,对其诊疗的安排以及所用器械、物品和代谢物的处理都有别于普通患者。在医院,患有传染病的患者不能同普通病人住同一房间,手术时也要安排到特殊感染手术室。携带这几类病原体的患者使用的医疗器械,都要经过特殊的消毒程序,如使用单独的消毒包,除了一般的消毒流程外还要多次消毒,并进行相关指标的检验。  医源性传播是艾滋病血液传播途径之一。血液传播是感染HIV最直接的途径,如输入被病毒污染的血液,尤其是&窗口期&的血液(即献血者已被病毒感染,但还未出现抗体的阶段所献血液,不能被现有的检测手段查出);使用了被污染而又未经严格消毒的医疗器械,包括注射器、针灸针、口腔科器械、的接生用具以及外科手术用的刀子、剪子、钳子等。另外,在做胃镜、肠镜、膀胱镜等介入检查和治疗时,都有感染艾滋病病毒及其他病毒的可能性。因此,在临床治疗中,进行术前四项检查可以帮助医生针对不同的患者制定不同的治疗方案。  切断医源性感染,不仅对住院病人,而且对于医护人员的职业防护也具有重要意义。据统计,医务人员每年受锐器损伤的比例高达11%~24%,其中因锐器损伤而导致的感染中,艾滋病占3.2%。同时,医务人员每天接触各种疾病的患者以及患者的体液、血液、分泌物时,遭受感染的几率会增大。因此,术前对患者进行四项检查,如果发现阳性患者,可以警示医务人员格外注意。  术前四项检查有助于减少医疗纠纷,一个病人输血或动手术后发现感染了艾滋病,是输血和医源性感染所致,还是患者接受治疗或入院前已被感染,这就需要与患者手术前或输血前检查的资料进行对比。如果查了,责任就好分了;如果没查,那就难搞清了。
可不可以匿名检测艾滋?
  你可以在许多地方悄悄地进行检测。当你在公共卫生办公室进行检测时,或在取检测结果时, 可以出示也可以不出示真实姓名。如果你愿意的话,你也能悄悄地进行很多次艾滋病病毒检测。  如果你使用真实姓名获得的艾滋病病毒检测结果是阳性,或者如果你获得任何艾滋病感染的医疗服务,你的名字可能会报告到卫生部。按照中国法律,除了提供诊断和治疗的医生外,任何人使用你的医疗资料都是违法的。当地卫生部门如果把你感染的情况告诉你的老板或家人也是违法的。  疾病预防控制中心建议,所有省份保留艾滋病感染者的姓名,这个建议还没有有效实施。
艾滋检测的步骤
  方法和原理  酶联免疫吸附试验(Ezyme linked immunosorbentassay,ELISA)简称酶标法,是根据酶免疫测定原理发展的一种技术,其基本方法分三类:间接法、双抗原夹心法和抗体竞争法。&&& 各厂生产的不同原理ELISA法HIV检测试剂盒的试验方法和操作步骤基本相同,只是在作用时间、标记酶的种类、反应底物、样本加量等方面有所差异。  初筛检测的几个问题  初筛检测的阳性结果不是最终结论,不能通知受检者本人及其他人员,样本需经该试剂和另一种试剂复检,如仍为阳性,应及时送实验室进行确认;初筛检测的宗旨是避免漏检,因此应选用敏感性高的符合国家要求的高质量试剂,且必须为HIV-1/2混合型;各单位可根据不同目的、检测对象、人群流行率、成本-效益、实验室设备和技术水平等选择不同初筛实验方法;交叉反应性或假阳性反应:某些病毒如CMV、EBV等,寄生虫如疟原虫的部分抗原性物质和某些自身免疫病患者,如和者体内的自身抗体与HIV-1的某些抗原决定簇有交叉反应性,在初筛检测时可能导致假阳性现象。此种情况下,样本OD值与临界值的比值通常为1&1.2,对这种结果除应排除HIV-1的早期感染,或感染HIV-2,HIV-1&O&亚型的可能外,还应注意假阳性,以及实验操作过程中的技术误差;  HIV-1抗体检测包括HIV-1抗体初筛和HIV-抗体确认两部分。初筛检测通常由取得资格的HIV-1抗体初筛实验室和/或确认实验室中进行,HIV-1抗体确认和HIV-1抗体阳性报告必须由取得资格的确认实验室进行。
艾滋自愿咨询检测
  自愿咨询检测并不意味着所有人都做检测,有些人可能仅仅是接受咨询。因此,VCT的咨询应包括检测前咨询、检测后咨询、预防性咨询、支持性咨询和特殊需求咨询等。  有资料证明,鼓励有危险行为的人进行自愿的而不是强制的检测,并且在检测前后为受检者提供咨询,不仅可以尽早发现、及时治疗和预防感染、为受检者(特别是感染者)提供心理支持,而且还可以促使受检者减少危险行为,预防艾滋病病毒(HIV)的传播。  在过去的10年,艾滋病自愿咨询检测最初主要用于对有症状的人作出是否感染HIV的诊断。近年来由于开发了抗逆转录病毒治疗,采取了降低HIV感染的干预措施,以及能明显降低HIV母婴传播的简便可行的方法,加之HIV检测费用的逐步下降和检测方法的质量保证,在人群中(包括高危人群、脆弱人群和普通人群)推行艾滋病自愿咨询检测也变得更加可行和迫切,成为许多发展中国家较为可行的选择。此外,艾滋病自愿咨询检测是预防和关怀规划的组成部分。通过开展VCT可以推进HIV疫情监测管理、强化预防措施、促进关怀支持工作的开展。并反映出对HIV感染者管理、治疗和支持的变化以及在人群中减少HIV传播的重要性。  联合国艾滋病规划署认为,开展艾滋病自愿咨询和检测服务是人们进入艾滋病预防、治疗、心理社会支持和关怀工作的切入点,恰当地推动艾滋病自愿咨询和检测有助于打破由恐惧、歧视导致的艾滋病流行的恶性循环,无论对个人、家庭,还是对社区和社会都有积极的意义。
酶联法检测艾滋
  所谓&酶联法&:  全名是酶联免疫吸附试验。酶联法是检测艾滋病的一种固相免疫测定技术,先将抗体或抗原包被到某种固相载体表面,并保持其免疫活性。这种方法也被简称为ELISA。  &酶联法&的检测:  测定时,将待检样本和酶标抗原或抗体按不同步骤与固相载体表面吸附的抗体或抗原发生反应,后加入酶标抗体与免疫复合物结合,用洗涤的方法分离抗原抗体复合物和游离的未结合成分,最后加入酶反应底物,根据底物被酶催化产生的颜色及其吸光度(A)值的大小进行定性或定量分析的方法, 步骤其实很简单:ELISA用血清来检测,首先血液要经过至少半个小时的凝集,然后取血清。将酶复合物用稀释液稀释后,加血清及阴性、阳性对照,还有就是质控品,这是严格的要求,它的范围必须在质控范围内。经过一个小时的孵育,然后洗板,加底物,半个小时避光反应后加终止液即完成反应部分,然后就是读数。由数值来判断结果的阴性或阳性。  严格的讲,如果第一次检测为阳性的话,无论是哪个实验室,必须按照CDC的艾滋病操作规程来进行第二次检测,第二次的方法必须与第一次的不同,如还是阳性,将送确认实验室确认。有的医院很不负责,将初筛阳性的报告发出后就不管了,这是不对的。
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