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为你的研究辩护:心疼了？你可以用片止痛片
原作者：C. Nathan DeWall
发表时间：浏览量：2700评论数：0挑错数：0
在德沃的研究中，当问题是四人组中没一个人想与其他三人工作，他们表现出敌意和侵略倾向。当他们得知有一个人想要和他们一起工作，他们的侵略倾向便戏剧性的减少了。
[key number]:In DeWall's research, subjects showed hostility and aggressiveness when told that no one in a four-person group wanted to work with them. If they learned that just one person did want to work with them, their aggression dropped dramatically.]
关键词：在德沃的研究中，当问题是四人组中没一个人想与其他三人工作，他们表现出敌意和侵略倾向。当他们得知有一个人想要和他们一起工作，他们的侵略倾向便戏剧性的减少了。 & Defend Your Research
为你的研究辩护 & Hurt Feelings? You Could Take a Pain Reliever…
& 心疼了？你可以用片止痛片 HBR puts some surprising findings to the test
在这篇文章中你能找到一些令人惊奇的发现 The finding: Daily doses of acetaminophen alleviate hurt feelings and reduce neural activity related to the pain of social rejection.
发现：每日服用的退热净来减轻疼痛感，并且减少神经元的活动从而减轻一定程度上的排异反应造成的疼痛感。 The research: The University of Kentucky’s C. Nathan DeWall asked 62 undergraduates to take 1,000 milligrams of acetaminophen or a placebo for three weeks. Each evening they recorded how much social pain they’d felt that day. The hurt feelings of those who took acetaminophen decreased sig people who took the placebo showed no change. In a related study,& functional MRIs showed that people who had taken acetaminophen also had less activity in the brain regions that respond to emotional pain.
研究：肯塔基州大学的C·楠檀·德沃请了62个在校大学生进行了为期三周的实验，他们或者服用了1000毫克的退热净，或者作为对照组服用无效对照剂。每个晚上他们都要报告他们这一天受到何种程度的疼痛感。那些服用退热净的同学伤口疼痛感有效的减少了，那些作为对照组的同学没有变化。在一个相关联的研究中，有作用的那组的核磁共振成像表明服用了退热净的人的大脑在感情痛觉区域同样活力减少了。 The challenge: Aren’t mental and physical pain entirely different? Can over-the-counter analgesics improve your emotional state if, say, you get fired?& Professor DeWall, defend your research.
图：我们的社会疼痛系统功能正如我们的生理痛觉系统，以及对止痛剂的反应。 上为对照组 下为服用热退净组 质疑：难道社会疼痛和身体疼痛完全不一样么？难道非处方的止痛药就会让你在被解雇的时候感觉好一些？德沃教授，请为你的研究辩护。 DeWall: My research is really just a continuation of extensive studies over the past three decades showing a significant overlap between social and physical pain processes in animals. Rat pups that are freaking out during separation from a parent become less upset when they’re injected with opiates—and not because of any sedative effect. The analgesic actually reduces their distress. No one had looked at whether the same thing might be true of humans. Our experiments used acetaminophen for the obvious reason that it’s safer and simpler for people to take on a daily basis than an opiate.
德沃：我的实验只是大量的前人的实验的延续。之前三十年的实验表明社会和身体的疼痛有很多部分是重合的。老鼠实验和小狗实验的结果出乎意料：当这些注射了鸦片制剂的动物被强行和它们的双亲隔离的时候表现出的不适比正常情况来的缓和的多,并且这不是因为出现了什么类镇静剂的效果。镇静剂确实减轻了他们的哀伤。我想没人看到这种相同的事发生在我们身上。我们的实验使用退热净来替代鸦片制剂的原因是它在每日服用的时候对人更加安全简单。 &HBR: How can you tell if the pain reliever reduces distress or just masks it?
HBR：你如何能够分辨止疼片是减轻了哀伤还是仅仅掩盖了它？Our subjects knew they' it simply didn't bother them as much.In another part of our research, we had 25 undergraduates undergo functional magnetic resonance imaging while playing a computer-based game in which they were socially included or excluded. During rejection, people who'd taken acetaminophen for three weeks actually showed less activity in the areas of the brain associated with social pain.
刚才的讨论已经说明我们否认了它是掩盖的这一观点，它仅仅只是没有表现的那么明显。在我们研究的另一个部分，我们的25名在校生一边接受核磁共振成像一边玩基于电脑游戏--他们的时而属于“社会”，时而不属于。在这个反对中，那些服用了三周退热净的的在校生的情况显示他们的大脑在感情痛觉区域同样的，活力减少了。 &Still, distress from rejection isn't really pain—that's just a metaphor, right?
否认哀伤不是真正的疼痛，那只是个隐喻？ No. We experience social pain differently from physical pain, but there are many commonalities. Probably what happened over the course of human evolution is that as we came to rely more on social inclusion for survival, the body’s physical-pain system became the basis for a social-pain system designed to ensure we weren't fending for ourselves in a hostile world. As a result, the social-pain system functions much like its older cousin, which means it responds similarly to analgesics.
不是。我们的实验将身体疼痛和社会疼痛区分开，但它们仍有太多相似之处。也许在人类进化的整个过程中发生过什么，比如我们为了生存更多的依靠社会认同，因此生理疼痛系统成为了社会疼痛系统的基础，用来确保我们不是将自己孤立于一个充满敌意的世界。最后，社会疼痛系统更像是它的兄弟，就是说这感觉更像是服用了止疼药。 &So responses to rejection are hardwired into us, like responses to physical pain?
因此对这些否认的回应是他们就像身体里面有根线牵引着，正如生理疼痛一样？Exclusion certainly provokes intense reactions. People who've been rejected are more likely to overeat, procrastinate, take financial risks, perform poorly on measures of intelligence, and act aggressively. One thing I want to explore is whether acetaminophen can also help reduce these behavioral consequences. In any case, people will& do almost anything to avoid rejection, whether by a friend, a lover, or an employer.
排斥反应无疑激起了强烈的反应。那些被排斥的人们更像是吃饱了、被耽搁了、冒着财政风险、用行动表示他们弱智以及表现出侵略性。我想探究一件事就是退热净能否减轻这些行为表现。无论如何，人们都会尽最大努力避免被排斥，不管是通过朋友、情人还是应聘者。 &A friend or lover—I can see that. But an employer?
朋友还是情人我能了解，但是通过一个应聘者做到呢？ Fear of rejection is probably one reason people make a big effort not to fail at work. Work can be tedious and harmful to people's health and relationships. Money is thought to be the main compensation for those sacrifices, but don’t forget the benefits of social acceptance. The sense of belonging is one of the most important positives of work. In our research, when we ask people to imagine being let go from their jobs, the first thing they tend to say is, "I'm going to lose all my friends."Praise, perks, raises, office parties, outings—employees perceive all those things as evidence of acceptance. They know that to continue to be included, they must avoid failure—they must maintain a certain level of performance. The fear of rejection probably also plays out in another way: It may
prevent people from being creative.
对排斥的恐惧可能是一个人们尽最大努力不在工作上失败的原因。工作是乏味的，并且会对身体和人际关系造成损害。金钱可以被看成是这些牺牲的回报，但是不要忘了还有社会认同感这一好处。归属感是工作最大的动力。在我们的研究中，当人们被问及从岗位上离开时，他们多数首先会说：“我可能会失去我的所有朋友。”周遭的称赞、员工福利、升值、办公伙伴和郊游活动，这些都被雇员当做被认同的表征。他们希望继续存在这个组织里，他们竭力避免失败--他们还得主张给不同的表现分级。但对排斥的恐惧有可能会引发另一个情况：可能会阻止人们创新。 &That’s troubling, because creative thinking is what companies need to grow.
这可麻烦了，因为创新思维是一个成长企业所需要的。 True, but creativity comes with a risk of failure—not all imaginative projects work out. Fear of rejection or even outright termination may sap people’s will to be creative. Think of a manager who tells employees to create an iPad app and says that the developer whose app contains the most errors will be fired. On the surface, this may be a rational strategy, but employees' creativity just walked out the door. Google, on the other hand, encourages
employees to spend time on activities that are personally meaningful to them, signaling that it doesn’t disapprove of initiatives that go nowhere. If your project fizzles, you won’t face rejection. A policy like that tends to engender a sense of acceptance, and the research literature suggests this leads to greater innovation.
是的，但是创新往往有失败的风险--不是所有预想的项目能够成功。对排斥的恐惧甚至一个项目彻底的种植都有可能削弱人们创新的愿望。想象一下，一个领导告诉怨过开发一个iPAD的新应用，同时又说谁写的软件错误最多直接开除。表面上看，这时一个明智的做法，但是这样雇员的创造力正悄悄溜走。另一方面，谷歌公司鼓励员工在自己所关心的领域多花时间，这发出了一个信号，表明谷歌公司不 会不赞成员工发散他们的首创性。如果你的项目失败了，你不必面对同行或同事的排斥。一个政策如此，能够使员工产生认同感，并且研究表明，这会走向更伟大的创新。 &Should all companies be like Google?
是否所有的公司都须如谷歌一样？ They don’t have to go that far.&& An experiment my colleagues and I did showed that a sense of well-being is boosted by just a little acceptance. When subjects were told that all four people in a group preferred not to work with them, they demonstrated hostility and aggressiveness, but their aggression diminished dramatically if they learned that just one person in the group wanted to work with them. The positive effect of each additional accepting person
was much smaller, however. By offering employees frequent tastes of acceptance, firms can harness the full potential of their creativity.&
他们不必像谷歌走的那么超前。我和我同事的一个实验表明， 一个福利只能使员工认同感有一点增长。当提及一个问题--一个组的四个成员都不想和他们互相工作，他们均表现出敌意和侵略倾向，但就算组中只有一个人想要和他们一起工作，他们的侵略倾向便戏剧性的减少了。然而，每个认同感的效果都微乎其微。通过经常性的对雇员施以认同感，公司便可利用他们所有潜在的创造力为公司谋利。Wouldn’t it be easier just to give them acetaminophen?
难道给他们一些退热净不更简单么？ Definitely not! A lot more research is needed before anyone can say that any analgesic is an effective means of treating social pain. And drugs aren't necessary: It’s not hard to create an environment that reduces employees’ anxiety about rejection. Rigid rules, for example, send a message that the deviations in thinking that are necessary for creativity won't be tolerated. Greater organizational flexibility can send a message of acceptance, breeding a greater sense of security.
当然不是！我们还需要更多的研究才能证明镇痛剂对社会疼痛有疗效。药品不是必需品，建立一个环境以减轻雇员对排斥的焦虑并不困难。举个例子，死板的条规表示不会容忍那些在思想上开小差的人，尽管这些是创新所必需的。更令人满意的灵活管理给予他们认同感，更容易培养他们的安全感。 &But businesses don't exist to make us feel accepted. Shouldn't employees just suck it up?
但是商业不是为了让我们获得认同感，难道雇员不只是简单的奉承？ Our culture tells us not to make a big deal out of rejection: "Don't be a whiner." But it's just as big a deal as breaking a bone. Even if we try to soldier on, our socially attuned nervous systems are telling us that exclusion is very bad for our survival prospects.
我们的文化告诉我们不要和大同妥协：“别当祥林嫂。”但这难度不亚于弄碎块骨头。即使我们迎着困难坚持干下去，我们的社会协调神经仍然会告诉我们这些不和谐，会对我们的生存造成很坏的影响。
C. Nathan DeWall () is an assistant professor of social psychology at the University of Kentucky. C·楠檀·德沃（）是肯塔基州大学的社会心理学副教授。
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元胡止痛片 专家点评
本品主要是一种止痛的药物。对与胃痛和腹痛都有效果的。注意有胃肠道不适症状的患者最好是饭后半小时用药。注意孕妇不可以用药。
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青年女性，咨询元胡止痛片应用问题，考虑适量应用即可。指导意见：一般情况如果疼痛不明显可以吃一片即可，如果缓解不明显可以用2片的。但是不能大量应用，虽然药物副作用较少，但是还是有一定副作用的。适当应用即可。如果确实痛经难以忍受，最好是检查一下更放心。医生询问：
您好；元胡止疼片有活血，止疼，理气的效果，对腰疼有止疼的效果。指导意见：如果腰疼用元胡止疼片止疼，效果不会很明显。如果气滞血瘀造成的腰疼是有一点效果，可以作为配合适用。腰疼针灸的效果，要好于药物治疗，我建议您用针灸，拔罐，刮痧等理疗的治疗方法会有很好的效果。要注意休息。医生询问：
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本品主要是一种止痛的药物。对与胃痛和腹痛都有效果的。注意有胃肠道不适症状的患者最好是饭后半小时用…
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